1. Key Issue 2: Why is English Related to Other Languages?

2. Indo-European Branches Language Family: a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history. Language Family: a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history. Language Branch: a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Language Branch: a collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Subfamily Subfamily Indo-European family has 8 branches Indo-European family has 8 branches

3. Germanic Branch English & German English & German West Germanic Group West Germanic Group Language Group: a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display few differences. Language Group: a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display few differences.

5. Indo-Iranian Branch 100 languages; 1 billion speakers Indic Group India—Hindi; script is Devanagari India—Hindi; script is Devanagari India has 18 official languages! India has 18 official languages! Pakistan—Urdu; script is Arabic Pakistan—Urdu; script is Arabic Bangladesh—Bengali Bangladesh—Bengali Iranian Group Iran and neighboring countries Iran and neighboring countries Persian (Farsi), Pashto, & Kurdish Persian (Farsi), Pashto, & Kurdish Arabic Arabic

6. Balto-Slavic Branch East Slavic & Baltic Russian Russian Ukrainian Ukrainian Belarusan Belarusan West & South Slavic Polish Polish Czech Czech Slovak Slovak Problem of Yugoslavia Problem of Yugoslavia

7. Roman Branch Latin: spoken by the Romans 2,000 years ago Latin: spoken by the Romans 2,000 years ago “Romance” Languages “Romance” Languages VS.

8. Map of “Romance” Languages Green=Spanish; Blue=French; Orange=Portuguese; Yellow=Italian, & Red=Romanian

9. Origin & Diffusion of Romance Languages As the Roman armies conquered, they spread their language As the Roman armies conquered, they spread their language The soldiers spread “Vulgar Latin” The soldiers spread “Vulgar Latin” Formal Latin=equus Formal Latin=equus Vulgar Latin=caballus Vulgar Latin=caballus

10. Romance Language Dialects Evolved over time Evolved over time Difficulties Difficulties Differences between Romance languages in Europe & colonies Differences between Romance languages in Europe & colonies Creole/Creolized Language: a language resulting from the mixing of the colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated Creole/Creolized Language: a language resulting from the mixing of the colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

11. Origin & Diffusion of Indo-European Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European Proof? Proof? Conquest Theory Conquest Theory Agriculture Theory Agriculture Theory

12. So… Why is English related to other languages? Why is English related to other languages?