2.  Scholars believe it existed, but where?  Theories abound (see p. 149 for details)

3.  RENFREW Hypothesis  Agricultural Theory  Conquest Theory  Dispersal Theory

4. Better agriculture practices associated with language lead to the spread of the Indo-European language family (begin in Fertile Crescent) (Note: East and West together) RENFREW Hypothesis: Peaceful spread of language

5.  Renfrew Hypothesis  AGRICULTURAL THEORY  Conquest Theory  Dispersal Theory

6. As the Neolithic Revolution takes place food supply increases. Therefore: 1.Trade increases due to surplus food – language diffuses via a LINGUA FRANCA along trade routes OR 2. Additional food led to overpopulation. Overpopulation led to forced migration of people (and diffusion of language) OR 3. People were searching for even more land to farm  AGRICULTURAL THEORY

7.  Renfrew Hypothesis  Agricultural Theory  Conquest Theory  Dispersal Theory

8.  Conquest theory: Indo-European first moved west as Indo-European speakers conquered European lands on horseback

9.  Renfrew Hypothesis  Agricultural Theory  Conquest Theory  Dispersal Theory

10.  Dispersal theory: Indo-European first diffused east, then came back around into Europe (by conquest because civilizations needed more resources)

11. Language divergence – when a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. Language convergence – when peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one. Mutual Intelligibility- m Mutual Intelligibility- means two people can understand each other when speaking. Problems: ▪ Cannot measure mutual intelligibility ▪ Many “languages” fail the test of mutual intelligibility ▪ Standard languages and governments impact what is a “language” and what is a “dialect”

12.  Sound shifts:  Latin for milk is lacte  Italian is latta  Spanish is leche  Another example of sound shift is:  German vater  Dutch vader  English father  How did language spread?  See 5-14 and 5-15 on p. 150  Sedentary farmer vs. Nomadic Warrior Appian Road

13.  Spanish/Portuguese very used in South America  Official Spanish has hundreds of words from the “New World”  Official Portuguese looks more like Brazilian version (even though those in Portugal don’t like it) ▪ Why have they changed it then?

14.  Language that results from mixing colonizers language with indigenous language of the people being dominated  Often changes include simplifying the grammar and adding words  Common forms in New Orleans, and Jamaica  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRI3srdcia0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRI3srdcia0 ▪ As you watch, what stands out to you about the way that they speak? ▪ How much could you understand without the subtitles?

15.  Germanic Branch (NW Europe)  Includes English and of course German  Indic Group (from India/Pakistan)  Most spoken language is Hindi  Iranian Group (from Middle East)  Includes Arabic ▪ Why has Arabic spread as a language?

16.  Balto-Slavic Branch  Found in South/Eastern Europe  East Slavic Language (Russian) ▪ Russian is a lingua franca (language of international communication in Eastern Europe) – Why?  Romance Branch  Latin origins (Roman Empire) ▪ Vulgar Latin - spoken form of Latin (by soldiers, less formal ▪ Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian