1. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 4: Cells, Tissues, and Organs

2. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter Objectives  Levels of a living organism.  Main parts of a cell.  Typical cell.  Names and functions of the four basic types of tissues in the body.  Basic terms pertaining to the structure and function of body tissues.  Roots and suffixes pertaining to cells, tissues, and organs.

3. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms ATPThe energy compound of the cell; stores energy needed for cell activities. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate (a-DEN-ō-sēn trī-FOS-fāt). carbohydrateThe category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches cellThe basic structural and functional unit of the living organism; a microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root cyt/o) chromosomeA threadlike body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information cytologyStudy of cells cytoplasmThe fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles DNAThe genetic compound of the cell; makes up the genes. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic (dē-ok-sē-rī-bō-nū-KLĒ-ik) acid.

4. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms (cont’d) enzymeAn organic substance that speeds the rate of metabolic reactions geneA hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes glucoseA simple sugar that circulates in the blood; the main energy source for metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o) histologyStudy of tissues homeostasisA steady state; a condition of internal stability and constancy lipidA category of organic compounds that includes fats (root lip/o) metabolismThe sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an organism

5. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms (cont’d) TermMeaning mitosisCell division mucusA thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous. nucleusThe cell's control center; directs all cell activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes (roots nucle/o, kary/o) organA part of the body with a specific function. A component of a body system. organelleA specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell proteinA category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones RNAAn organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells. RNA stands for ribonucleic (rĪ-bō-nū-KLĒ-ik) acid. tissueA group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (root: hist/o, histi/o)

6. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Supplementary Terms amino acidsThe nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins anabolismThe type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the building phase of metabolism catabolismThe type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy and simple compounds collagenA fibrous protein found in connective tissue cortexThe outer region of an organ glycogenA complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles; broken down into glucose when needed for energy interstitialBetween parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue

7. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Supplementary Terms (cont’d) medullaThe inner region of an organ; marrow (root: medull/o) parenchymaThe functional tissue of an organ parietalPertaining to a wall; describes a membrane that lines a body cavity somaThe body stem cellAn immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types. A precursor cell visceralPertaining to the internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface of an organ

8. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Cell Basic unit of living organisms Carries out metabolism Energy generated by chemical ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

9. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roots for Cells and Tissues RootMeaningExampleDefinition of Example morph/oformpolymorphoushaving many forms cyt/o, -cytecellcytologistone who studies cells nucle/onucleusnuclearpertaining to a nucleus kary/onucleuskaryotypepicture of a cell's chromosomes organized according to size hist/o, histi/o tissuehistocompatibilitytissue similarity that permits transplantation fibr/ofiberfibrosisabnormal formation of fibrous tissue reticul/onetworkreticuluma network

10. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roots for Cells and Tissues (cont’d) RootMeaningExampleDefinition of Example aden/oglandadenomatumor (-oma) of a gland papill/onipplepapillaprojection that resembles a nipple myx/omucusmyxadenitisinflammation (-itis) of a mucus- secreting gland muc/omucus, mucous membrane mucorrheaincreased flow (-rhea) of mucus somat/o, -some body, small body chromosomesmall body that takes up color (dye) (chrom/o)

11. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roots for Cell Activity RootMeaningExampleDefinition of Example blast/o, - blast immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell histioblasta tissue-forming cell genorigin, formationkaryogenesisformation of a nucleus phag/oeat, ingestautophagyself-destruction of a cell's organelles philattract, absorbbasophilicattracting basic stain plasformation, molding, development hyperplasiaoverdevelopment of an organ or tissue tropact on, affectchronotropicaffecting rate or timing (chron/o) troph/ofeeding, growth, nourishment atrophytissue wasting

12. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Organic Compounds Proteins –Enzymes –Hormones –Structural materials Carbohydrates –Sugars (main energy source: sugar glucose) –Starches Lipids –Fats

13. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nucleus Chromosomes –Carry genetic information –46 chromosomes in every cell (except sex cells) Genes –Separate units of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) –Control formation of enzymes (needed for metabolic reactions)

14. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissues Four basic types –Epithelial Covers and protects body structures, lines organs, vessels, and cavities Simple: Single layer, absorbs substances from one system to another Stratified: multiple layers, protects deeper tissue –Connective Supports and binds body structures

15. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tissues (cont’d) –Muscle (root: my/o) Contracts to produce movement Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral –Nervous (root: neur/o) Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves Coordinates body responses by transmission of electrical impulses

16. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Membranes Simplest tissue Mucous membranes: secrete mucus Serous membranes: secrete watery fluid, line body cavities and cover organs Fibrous membranes: cover and support organs

17. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Organs and Organ Systems Organs –Comprised of tissues –Grouped into systems Systems –Have specific function –Work together, not independently Goal of systems: homeostasis

18. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry Word PartMeaningExampleDefinition Of Example Suffixes -aseenzymelipaseenzyme that digests fat (lipid) -osesugarlactosemilk sugar Roots hydr/owater, fluidhydrationaddition of water; relative amount of water present gluc/oglucoseglucogenesisproduction of glucose glyc/osugar, glucosenormoglycemianormal blood sugar level

19. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry (cont’d) Word PartMeaningExampleDefinition Of Example Roots sacchar/osugarpolysaccharidecompound containing many simple sugars amyl/ostarchamyloidresembling starch lip/olipid, fatlipophilicattracting or absorbing lipid adip/ofatadiposuriapresence of fat in the urine (ur/o) steat/ofattysteatorrheadischarge (-rhea) of fatty stools prote/oproteinproteaseenzyme that digests protein

20. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.The root that means “cell” is: (a) spher (b) cyt (c) fibr (d) gen

21. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.The root that means “cell” is: (a) spher (b) cyt (c) fibr (d) gen

22. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.The root that means “tissue” is: (a) hist (b) cellul (c) cyst (d) hem

23. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.The root that means “tissue” is: (a) hist (b) cellul (c) cyst (d) hem

24. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.The control center of the cell is the: (a) membrane (b) ribosome (c) virus (d) nucleus

25. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.The control center of the cell is the: (a) membrane (b) ribosome (c) virus (d) nucleus

26. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.The process of body cell division is called: (a) separation (b) segregation (c) mitosis (d) gestation

27. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.The process of body cell division is called: (a) separation (b) segregation (c) mitosis (d) gestation

28. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5.A compound that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction is a(n): (a) gene (b) salt (c) enzyme (d) mineral

29. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5.A compound that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction is a(n): (a) gene (b) salt (c) enzyme (d) mineral

30. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6.The substance that makes up the cell’s genetic material is: (a) DNA (b) protein (c) acid (d) base

31. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6.The substance that makes up the cell’s genetic material is: (a) DNA (b) protein (c) acid (d) base

32. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 7.Chemicals: cells: tissues: ­­__________: systems: organism. What belongs in the blank? (a) organs (b) genes (c) enzymes (d) nuclei

33. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 7.Chemicals: cells: tissues: ­­__________: systems: organism. What belongs in the blank? (a) organs (b) genes (c) enzymes (d) nuclei

34. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 8.The root morph/o means: (a) reproduction (b) fat (c) form (d) balance