1. Outline for 11/7: The European Union Deepening the EU Widening the EU Why do so many Countries want to join the EU? EU Programs EU Institutions: Supranational or Intergovernmental?

2. Deepening : From the EEC to the EC to the EU 1952 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1954 European Defense Community (EDC) failed 1957 European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) 1957 European Economic Community (EEC) 1965 Merger Treaty: ECSC + Euratom + EEC = European Community (EC) 1970s Euro-stagnation 1985 Single European Act 1992 Treaty on European Union (EU) aka Maastricht Treaty 2004 Constitutional Treaty – ratification failed in France and the Netherlands 2007 Lisbon Treaty – initially rejected by Ireland, passed in a second Irish referendum in 2009

3. Widening the EU: from 6 to 27 (look at map on p. xxix) 1952 France, (West) Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg 1973Britain, Ireland, and Denmark 1981 Greece 1986 Spain and Portugal 1991 German reunification (East Germany) 1995Austria, Sweden, and Finland 2004 Poland, Czech Rep, Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Malta, Cyprus 2007 Romania and Bulgaria 2008Croatia What European countries are not in the EU? What countries want to join the EU?

4. Why do so many countries want to join the EU? EU Programs Community Agricultural Policy (CAP) Regional Development Fund Social Fund Cohesion Fund How does this EU fund these programs? Customs duties (i.e. tariffs on non-member countries) Value-Added Tax (VAT) Contributions from each member-state (based roughly on GDP) net payers vs. net receivers

5. EU Institutions (p. 361) European Council Council of the European Union (formerly the Council of Ministers) European Parliament European Commission European Court of Justice European Central Bank

6. Questions about EU Institutions Does this look like a United States of Europe? Which institutions are supranational and which are intergovernmental?