1. Chapter 7 Medical Terminology and Chapter 17 Body Structures THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medical Terminology chapter 7, pages 188 – 206.
Exercises: 1 – 100
Body structures chapter 17, pages 326 – 343.
Exercises: Review questions.
Body structures work book chapter 17.
Exercises: C, D, E,
Delmar video “The Respiratory System”, tape 8.

2. Functions of the Respiratory System
Deliver oxygen-rich air to the blood cells
Expel waste products
(CO2 and water)
Produce air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible

3. Structures of the Respiratory System – divided into upper and lower tracts
Upper Respiratory Tract
Nose
Mouth
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchial tree
Lungs

4. www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ respiratory.html

5. The Nose
Nasal Cavity: air enters nose and passes through the nasal cavity
Nasal Septum: wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
Mucous membrane: epithelial tissue that lines the nose and respiratory system
Mucus: helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose
Cilia: thin hair inside nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
Olfactory receptors: receptors for the sense of smell

6. The Tonsils Function to protect the body from invading organisms
Form a protective circle around the entrance to the respiratory system

7. The Sinuses - Air-filled cavities within a bone that is lined with mucous membrane
Functions
To make the bones of the skull lighter
To help produce sound by giving resonance to the voice
To produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

8. Paranasal Sinuses – named for the bones in which they are located
Maxillary: largest of the paranasal sinuses
Frontal: in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows
Ethmoid: irregularly shaped air cells, separated from the orbital cavity by a thin layer of bone
Sphenoid: close to the optic nerves, infection here can damage vision

9. The Pharynx - throat Three divisions:
Nasopharynx: posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
Oropharynx: the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth, shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
Laryngopharynx: continues downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea
Protective Swallowing Mechanisms:
Soft palate: moves up and backward to close off the nasopharynx, prevents food from going up into the nose
Epiglottis: lid-like structure at the base of the tongue, swings down and closes off the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea and the lungs –

10. The Larynx – voice box Located between the pharynx and the trachea
Thyroid cartilage: largest of nine cartilages that hold open and protects larynx
(Adam’s Apple)
Vocal cords: during breathing, separated to allow air passage, during speech, together and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs- the cords vibrate against each other

11. The Trachea - windpipe
Anterior to the esophagus, passes from the neck into the chest, flexible for movement due to elastic wall between C-shaped cartilage rings

12. Lower Respiratory Tract The Bronchial Tree
Trachea divides into 2 branches called bronchii, one branch into each lung
Once inside the lung, bronchii divide into smaller bronchioles
Alveoli: grapelike clusters of air sacs found at the end of bronchioles

13. The Lungs Lobes: division of lungs Mediastinum: between the lungs
RT Lung: 3 lobes
Superior
Middle
Inferior
LT Lung: 2 lobes
inferior
Mediastinum: between the lungs
Heart
Aorta
Esophagus
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Thymus gland

15. MEDIASTINUM: 1. Superior Vena Cava 2. Rt Atrium 3. Inferior Vena Cava
4. Arch of the Aorta
5. Lt Pulmonary trunk
6. Lt Pulmonary artery
7. Auricle of Lt atrium
8. Left Ventricle
9. Left Cardiophrenic
angle

16. The Pleura – multilayered membrane surrounding each lung
Parietal Pleura: outer layer of the pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity and forms the sac containing each lung
Visceral Pleura: inner layer of pleura
Closely surrounds the lung tissue
Pleural space: between the folds of the pleural membranes, contains lubricating fluid to prevent friction during respiration

17. The Diaphragm
Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, contraction/relaxation makes breathing possible
Phrenic nerve: stimulates diaphragm to contract during respiration

18. Respiration The Exchange of Gases within the Lungs
External Respiration
Inhalation: taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, causing the thoracic cavity to expand
Expiration: breathing out as the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower
The Exchange of Gases within the Lungs
Air inhaled into the alveoli forces Oxygen (O2) to pass into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the erythrocytes to all body cells
CO2 is produced and passes from the capillaries into the airspaces of the lungs to be exhaled

19. Internal Respiration
Exchange of gases within the cells of all the body organs and tissues
Oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the tissue cells as carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells in the blood stream

20. Medical Specialties Related to the Respiratory System
Otorhinolaryngologist
Pulmonologist
Respiratory Therapist
Allergist

21. Pathology of the Respiratory System
COPD: general term used to describe a group of respiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations
With COPD, the normal flow of air is blocked by excess mucus and inflammation (chronic bronchitis), by collapsed airways (emphysema), or by tightening of the muscles around the airways (chronic asthma). As a result, you feel short of breath. You may also cough, wheeze, or feel weak. many people who are diagnosed with COPD have more than one of these conditions.
A typical COPD plain film, such as this one, will reveal the following: increase in heart diameter, flattening of the diaphragm, and increase in the size of the retrosternal air space. In addition the upper lobes will become hyperlucent due to destruction of the lung tissue.

22. Asthma
Chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
Breathing difficulties during an attack is caused by:
Swelling and inflammation of the lining of the airways
Production of thick mucus
Tightening of the muscles that surround the airways

23. Bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles resulting from an earlier lung infection that was not cured

24. Emphysema Progressive loss of lung function due to:
Decrease in the total # of alveoli
The enlargement of the remaining alveoli
Progressive destruction of their walls
Breathing becomes rapid, shallow, and difficult
Lungs expand, barrel shape chest

25. Upper Respiratory Diseases
Allergic rhinitis
Croup
Diphtheria
Epistaxis
Influenza
Pertussis
Rhinorrhea
Sinusitis
Upper Respiratory infection

26. Pharynx and Larynx Pharyngitis Laryngoplegia Laryngospasm
Voice disorders:
Aphonia: loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds
Dysphonia: any voice impairment
Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx

27. Pleural Cavity Pleurisy: inflammation of pleura
Pneumothorax: accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space causing the lung to collapse (stab wound, perforation in the pleura surrounding the lung, etc.)
Pleural Effusion: abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding
Empyema: accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
Hemoptysis: spitting of blood or blood-stained sputum

28. Lungs
ARDS: lung failure resulting from many different disorders that cause pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema: accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
Atelectasis: collapsed lung, lung fails to expand because air cannot pass beyond the bronchioles that are blocked by secretions
TB: tuberculosis – making a come back
Pneumonia: infection of the lung
Aspiration Pneumonia: infection of the lung caused by breathing something into the lungs

29. Breathing Disorders
Tachypnea: abnormally rapid rate of respiration >20 bpm
Bradypnea: abnormally slow rate of respiration <10 bpm
Apnea:absence of spontaneous respiration AKA - SAS (sleep apnea)
Dyspnea: SOB, difficult breathing or labored breathing
Hyperventilation: abnormally rapid deep breathing, resulting in decreased levels of CO2 at cellular level

30. Lack of Oxygen
Airway obstruction: foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving lungs
Anoxia
Asphyxia
Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of adequate oxygen
Hypoxia
Respiratory failure: the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of CO2 becomes dangerously high

31. Diagnostic Procedures of the Respiratory System
Respiratory Rate: # respirations/min – normal range = rpm
PFT’s: measures capacity of the lungs and ability to move air in/out and to exchange O2 and CO2
Bronchoscopy
Laryngoscope
Chest Imaging

32. Treatment Procedures of the Respiratory System
Medications
Bronchodilator is a medication that can be aerosolized to relax the airways.
MDI is also called a rescue inhaler, it delivers a puff of medication that is inhaled.
Nebulizer dispenses a larger dose of the bronchodilator over a longer duration in the form of a mist that is breathed in.

33. bronchoscopy
intubation
Lung transplant
tracheostomy
Chest tubes
ventilator