1. Holes Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Ninth Edition
Mrs. Shaw’s Anatomy and Physiology Honors Chapter 1: Introduction into Anatomy and Physiology
Holes Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Ninth Edition

2. Opening Assignment How did the study of the human body begin?
Differentiate between the terms Anatomy and Physiology and describe how they are related.

3. Student Learning Goals:
Students will be able to
1.1: Describe the early studies into the workings of the human body
1.2: Define anatomy and physiology and describe how they are related
1.3: Explain the biological levels of organization
1.4: List and describe the major characteristics of life
1.5: List and describe the main requirements of life including homeostasis and a mechanism to control it.
1.6: A. Describe the locations of the major body cavities.
B. list the organs within each cavity
C. Name the membranes associated within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
D. List the main organ systems, know the organs in each system, and know the main
function of each system.
1.7 Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions
Student Learning Goals:

4. 1.1 Introduction
Early interest in the human body probably developed as people became concerned about injuries and illnesses.
Primitive doctors began to learn how certain herbs and potions affected body functions.
As technology advanced practitioners began to identify and name body parts. They also described the function of each part which helped them understand how the body parts work together as a unit.

5. 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts – their forms and how they are organized.
Physiology is the branch that deals with the function of each body part (what they do and how they do it).
These two things are difficult to separate because the structure is so closely related to the function. In other words a body parts function depends on how it is constructed. New understandings of anatomy and physiology of the human body are still being discovered today.

6. Cool fact
The human genome was only just completed in From deciphering this code, scientists are still studying what genes control what traits and how they can manipulate them to create a designer organism.
Just think, by the time you start having children yourself or with your spouse you will probably be able to choose specific traits, gender, or health characteristics.

7. 1.3 Levels of Organization
Look at these vocabulary words and put them in order from smallest to largest.
Organelle tissue organism organ Atom
cell molecule organ system macromolecule
1._______________________________ 6.__________________________
2. _______________________________ 7.__________________________
3. _______________________________ 8. __________________________
4. ______________________________ 9. __________________________
5. _______________________________

8. 1. 3 Levels of Organization 1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Macromolecule 4
1.3 Levels of Organization 1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Macromolecule 4. Organelle 5. Cell 6. Tissue 7. Organ 8. Organ system 9. Organism **Use the link on the textbook website to practice these levels.

9. 1.4 Characteristics of Life
Movement: change in position of the body or an internal body part.
Responsiveness: reaction to a change inside or outside the body
Growth: increase in body size without a change in shape.
Reproduction: production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration: Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods.
Digestion: Breakdown of food substances into simple forms for the body to absorb and use.
Absorption: Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation: Movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation: Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms.
Excretion: Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions.

10. Match the correct term with the definition
Digestion
Circulation
Movement
Growth
Respiration
Absorption
Responsiveness
Excretion
Assimilation
Reproduction
 ____________1. Production of new organisms and new cells. 
____________2. Movement of substances in body fluids. 
____________3. Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion
of an internal organ. 
____________4. Increase in body size without change in shape. 
____________5. Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and
releasing energy from foods. 
____________6. Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions. 
____________ 7. Passage of substances through membranes and into
body fluids. 
_____________8. Reaction to a change inside or outside the body. 
_____________ 9. breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that
can be absorbed and used. 
_____________10. changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms.

11. Match the correct term with the definition
Digestion
Circulation
Movement
Growth
Respiration
Absorption
Responsiveness
Excretion
Assimilation
Reproduction
 _Reproduction__1. Production of new organisms and new cells. 
_Circulation____2. Movement of substances in body fluids. 
_Movement___3. Change in position of the body or of a body part, motion
of an internal organ. 
_Growth_____4. Increase in body size without change in shape. 
__Respiration_5. Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and
releasing energy from foods. 
__Excretion___6. Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions. 
_Absorption__ 7. Passage of substances through membranes and into
body fluids. 
_Responsiveness__8. Reaction to a change inside or outside the body. 
_Digestion____ 9. breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that
can be absorbed and used. 
_Assimilation__10. changing absorbed substances into chemically
different forms.

12. Metabolism – the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body that break down substances and build them up.
It is a very complex mechanism that involves many different body systems. We will go into more detail on in Chapters 2, 3 & 4.

13. 1.5 Maintenance of Life What is needed to maintain life?
Water – most abundant chemical in body, required for most metabolic processes
Food – provide body with necessary nutrients, some are used to make energy.
Oxygen – used in the body to release energy from food substances.
Heat – form of energy. A product of metabolic reactions. The amount of heat present partly determines the rate of chemical reactions.
Pressure – an application of force that helps to regulate body functions.

14. Homeostasis
If an organism is to survive, the conditions within its body fluids must remain relatively stable.
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.
Homeostatic mechanisms help regulate body temperature, blood pressure, and many other things.
Homeostatic mechanisms act through negative feedback.

15. Homeostatic Mechanisms share 3 components:
Receptors: provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment.
Set point: tells what a particular value should be (such as body temperature at 37 degrees Celsius or degrees Farenheit)
Effectors: cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment.

16. Negative Feedback Mechanism:
If the receptor deviates from the set point, effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal. The deviation from the set point progressively lessens and the effectors shut down when the set point is reached again. This process is known as a negative feedback mechanism.

19. Negative Feedback loops
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20. Most feedback mechanisms are negative, but sometimes changes stimulate or amplify similar changes.
These are called positive feedback mechanisms because they move the parameter away from the set point.
An example of this is during childbirth when the release of hormones increase the strength of uterine contractions.

21. Homework 9/2
Read lessons 1.6 and 1.7 (Refer to the handout to help understand how the body is organized into regions, cavities, and systems)
Complete the diagram labeling exercises on the textbook website and continue creating notecards for the terms you do not know. Not all terms will be assessed on this test BUT you will need to know them for future chapters.

22. Opening Assignment – write the question and the answer please:
Differentiate between the parietal and visceral membranes.
Differentiate between the pericardial and peritoneal membranes.
What is the main function of the Endocrine system ?
What two body systems work together to transport substances throughout the body?

23. Opening Assignment – Answers
Differentiate between the parietal and visceral membranes. Parietal membranes line the cavity and visceral membranes cover organs.
Differentiate between the pericardial and peritoneal membranes. Pericardial membranes surround the heart and peritoneal membranes surround the abdominal cavity.
What is the main function of the Endocrine system ? The Endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, chemical messengers that cause changes in many body systems.
What two body systems work together to transport substances throughout the body? The Cardiovascular and the Lymphatic system.

24. 1.6 Organization of the Human Body
The human body is divided into 2 main sections;
Axial portion: includes the head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular portion: includes the arms and legs

25. Body Cavities There are two main body cavities:
Ventral: (Belly) Which is subdivided into…….
a) Abdominopelvic- which consists of
the abdominal and pelvic regions, and
contains the digestive and reproductive organs.
b) Thoracic- which is the upper torso or chest
region, and contains the heart and lungs.
**The organs within these two cavities are called Viscera.
Dorsal: (Back) Which is subdivided into……..
Cranial- which contains the head and includes the brain.
Vertebral- which includes the spinal column.

26. Body Cavities

27. Body Cavities
The Diaphragm is a thin, broad muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
A region called the Mediastinum separates the thoracic cavity into 2 compartments that contain the right and left lungs.
Mediastinum
Diaphragm

28. Practice: Look at the diagram on the right and list the cavity or muscle being identified. 1.___________________ 2.___________________ 3.___________________ 4.___________________ 5.___________________ 6.___________________ 7.___________________ 8.___________________ 9.___________________

29. Let’s practice! Look at the diagram on the right and list the cavity or muscle being identified. Try to NOT look at the textbook. 1._Ventral___________ 2.__Thoracic_________ 3.__Diaphragm______ 4.__Abdominopelvic__ 5._ Abdominal_______ 6.___Pelvic__________ 7.___Cranial_________ 8.___Vertebral_______ 9.__Dorsal___________

30. Practice: Look at the diagram on the right and list the cavity or muscle being identified. 1.___________________ 2.___________________ 3.___________________ 4.___________________ 5.___________________ 6.___________________ 7.___________________ 8.___________________

31. Practice: Look at the diagram on the right and list the cavity or muscle being identified. 1.__Abdominopelvic__ 2.__Pericardial_______ 3.__Abdominopelvic__ 4.__Pelvic____________ 5.__ Mediastinum ____ 6.__ Pleural Cavity___ 7.___Diaphragm______ 8.___Thoracic________

32. Practice: Look at the diagram on the right and list the cavity or muscle being identified. 1.___________________ 2.___________________ 3.___________________ 4.___________________ 5.___________________ 6.___________________ 7.___________________

33. Practice: Look at the diagram on the right and list the cavity or muscle being identified. 1.__Frontal sinuses___ 2.__Orbital cavities___ 3.__Nasal cavity______ 4.___Oral cavity______ 5.__Cranial cavity____ 6.__Sphenoid sinuses__ 7.__Middle ear cavity_

34. Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
Thoracic Membranes
Parietal refers to the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity.
Visceral refers to the membrane that is deeper – toward the interior – and usually covers an internal organ like the lung.
While no actual space occurs between these specific membranes, the potential space between them is called the pleural cavity.
Pleurisy is a condition where that pleural membrane gets inflamed. It can make breathing very painful.
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes

35. Thoracic and Membranes
The heart which is located in the broadest part of the mediastinum is surrounded by pericardial membranes.

36. Transverse Section Through the Thorax

37. Abdominopelvic Membranes
In the abdominopelvic cavity the lining membranes are called peritoneal membranes.
A parietal peritoneum lines the wall and a visceral peritoneum covers each organ in the abdominal cavity.
People with kidney failure
use this membrane for dialysis.

38. Organ Systems Body Covering
The Integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
It protects underlying tissues, regulates body temperature, houses sensory receptors, and synthesizes various substances.

39. Organ Systems Support and Movement
Skeletal System – Is composed of bones, cartilages and ligaments that bind bones together.
It provides a framework, protective shields, and attachments for muscles. It also produces blood cells and stores inorganic salts.

40. Organ Systems Support and Movement Muscular System
Includes all the muscles of the body.
It moves body parts, maintains posture, and produces body heat

41. Organ Systems Integration and Coordination Nervous System
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs
It receives impulses from sensory parts, interprets these impulses, and acts on them by stimulating muscles or glands to respond

42. Organ Systems Integration and Coordination Endocrine System
Consists of glands that secrete hormones
Hormones help regulate metabolism
System includes the hypothalamus of the brain and the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland and thymus gland

43. Organ Systems Transport Cardiovascular System
Includes the heart which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts
Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

44. Organ Systems Transport Lymphatic System
Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen
It transports lymph fluid from tissues to the bloodstream, carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs, and aids in defending the body against disease causing agents

45. Organ Systems Absorption and excretion Digestive System
Receives foods, breaks down food molecules into nutrients that can pass through cell membranes, and eliminates materials that are not absorbed.
Includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine
Some digestive organs produce hormones

46. Organ Systems Absorption and Excretion Respiratory System
Takes in and sends out air and exchanges gases between the air and blood.
It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

47. Organ Systems Absorption and Excretion Urinary System
Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
It filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain water and electrolyte concentrations and the acidity of the internal environment

48. Organ Systems Organ Systems Reproduction
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterine, tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells (oocytes)

49. Organ Systems Reproduction
The Reproductive Systems produce new organisms
Male reproductive System includes the scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells (Sperm Cells)

50. Copy and complete the following.
1. What body systems function to support and move your body?
2. What are 2 organs that are part of the nervous system?
3. The kidney, bladder, and ureters are part of the _________________________ system.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
List two organs within the female reproductive system.

52. Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

53. Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

54. 1.7 Anatomical Terminology
Body Regions
Epigastric Region
Hypochondrias Regions
Left & Right
Umbilical Region
Lumbar Region
Hypogastric Region
Iliac Regions

55. 1.7 Anatomical Terminology
Body Regions
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right lower Quadrant
Left lower Quadrant

56. Body Planes There are three body planes:
Transverse or Horizontal- divides the body into a top and bottom.
Mid-Sagittal or Median- divides the body into an equal right and left side.
Frontal or Coronal- divides the body into a front and a back side.

57. Now what?! If you do not complete this in class, please finish for homework. It is due Wednesday 9/9
Your assignment for the rest of class is to do these 2 things 
1. Draw the diagrams on pages 9 and 10 (I know you might not want to BUT it will help you remember them!)
2. Create 10 sentences that incorporate at least 2 new terms you learned in section It will help you more if you choose terms you do not already have memorized.
Examples:
The cubital (elbow) area of Sally’s arm is distal (farther away from axial body) to her axillary (armpit) area.
The stomach is located

58. Group Experiments
Choose a homeostatic mechanism to study in your group.  Material you have to work with - Blood pressure cuff, thermometers, Pulse check (I will instruct on how to calculate HR), Respirations.  Define the problem you want to test.
Examples:
Does exercise effect HR?
Is body temperature effected by environmental conditions?( inside vs. outside)
etc.
Create a hypothesis to test after you have done research to make your prediction of what should happen.  (cite your source for research)
Design an experiment with specific procedures.  Remember to add to your procedures as you test to make sure you have covered every aspect of the design.
Collect data in a chart, calculate the mean of the data and graph it.
Form a conclusion - remember a high school level conclusion will include the following:  Was your hypothesis supported or not?  Were there any possible sources of error? Give a brief overview of what happened including any surprises.  What else would you like to test about this topic?