1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

2. 11/30/11 Objectives: Do now: Do later:
To set goals for the winter term
To introduce anatomy and physiology
Do now:
Take 4 handouts and complete winter term reflection and goals
(7 min. thinking and writing – silent)
Do later:
Reading response questions sheet

3. Levels of Organization
Atoms
Combine to form molecules
Combine to form macromolecules

4. Levels of organization
Cells
Are made up of organelles
Many cells with a common function make up a tissue

5. Levels of Organization
Groups of tissues compose organs
Groups of related organs form organ systems
Organ systems compose an organism

6. Homeostasis
Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain stable conditions
Can you think of some conditions that are regulated in our bodies?
Temperature
Blood pressure
Blood oxygen & blood sugar
Water content

7. Homeostasis
Let’s apply this idea to an example: temperature regulation
Normal body temperature = 98.6 °F
If temperature drops too low, the body heats itself up by shivering.
If temperature raises too high, the body cools down by sweating.

8. Homeostasis All homeostatic mechanisms share three components
A set point is the stable value for a characteristic
Receptors sense when the value of a characteristic gets too far above or below the set point
Effectors cause responses to bring the characteristic back to the set point

9. Practice time! With a partner:
What do you think are the set point, receptors, and effectors that regulate body temperature?
(Take an educated guess if you’re unsure!)

10. 12/1/11 Objective: To practice homeostatic mechanisms
Do now: Take 3 packets from the front desk
Also take out your reading response questions
Do later: Read and study section 1.6 (pg 8-14) in your packets

11. Negative Feedback Loop
We can draw this process in a negative feedback loop
Why is negative feedback an appropriate name for this process?

12. 12/1/11
Objectives: To review body cavities, membranes and organ systems
Do now: Discuss with a partner what you recall about organ systems, body cavities and membranes (2 min)
Do later: Review diagrams and section 1.6. Complete parts A and B on pg of the lab packet
Quiz Thursday! (section 1.6)

13. Body Cavities and Membranes
Body is divided into:
Axial portion (head, neck, trunk)
Appendicular portion (arms, legs)

14. Body Cavities and membranes
What is a body cavity?
A hollow space in the body that contains organs

15. Body Cavities and Membranes
Major body cavities:
Cranial cavity (head)
Vertebral canal (spine)

16. Body Cavities and Membranes
Major body cavities:
Thoracic cavity
Bottom edge is defined
by the diaphragm
Mediastinum
Part of thoracic cavity
that separates the lungs
Heart, esophagus, trachea

17. Body Cavities and Membranes
Major body cavities
Abdominal cavity
Region below diaphragm and
above hips
Stomach, liver, pancreas,
small and large intestines
Pelvic cavity
Region enclosed by hips
Bladder, internal reproductive
organs, end of large intestine
Abdominopelvic cavity
Both of the above

18. Body Cavities and Membranes
The organs in the thoracic
and abdominopelvic cavities
are called viscera
Viscera = “guts” in Latin 

19. Body Cavities and Membranes
Organs and body cavities are lined with self lubricating membranes
Membranes protect organs and reduce friction between organs as they expand and contract

20. Body Cavities and Membranes
Two kinds of membranes
Parietal (outer) membranes are attached to the walls of a body cavity
Visceral (inner) membranes directly enclose an organ

21. Body Cavities and Membranes
Membranes in the thoracic cavity are called pleura (singular pleurum)
Parietal pleura are attached to body wall
Visceral pleura are attached to organs
Space between visceral/parietal = pleural cavity

22. Body Cavities and Membranes
The heart is surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium
Visceral/parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity

23. Body Cavities and Membranes
Membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity are called peritoneal membranes
Visceral/parietal
Peritoneal cavity

24. Organ systems
Organ systems = collections of organs that work together to achieve a common function.
Your book outlines 11
These will be our main topics of study in this term

25. Muscular system
The muscular system is composed of your muscles (obvi…)
Muscles expand and contract to enable motion. They also generate body heat.

26. Nervous System Central nervous system = brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system = nerves and sense organs
Receive, interpret, and enable responses to environmental stimuli

27. Endocrine system Composed of all glands that secrete hormones
Hormones are all chemicals that send signals to distant parts of the body
Helps to regulate the body by sending chemical messages via hormones.

28. Cardiovascular system
Composed of heart, arteries, veins and capillaries
Pumps blood throughout the body to transport oxygen and other nutrients

29. Lymphatic system
Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
Cells in this system fight off disease (this is part of the immune system)

30. Digestive system Composed of mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
Receives, breaks down, and absorbs food to go into the blood

31. Respiratory system Composed of mouth, nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Facilitates gas exchange (oxygen in, CO2 out)

32. Urinary system Composed of kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
Filters waste and water out of the blood and channels them out of the body as urine

33. Reproductive system
Composed of sex organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, penis, etc.)
Produce sex cells (sperm, eggs) and support growing offspring