1. Dolley Madison by Gilbert Stuart, 1804 Friendly, tactful, and blessed with an unfailing memory for names and events, she added to her reputation as an elegant hostess after her husband became president. (© White House Historical Association) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. President James Madison Jefferson’s Secretary of State Jefferson’s Secretary of State A distinguished legislator crippled as president by factions in his own party A distinguished legislator crippled as president by factions in his own party Scholarly, of small stature, and weak of voice Scholarly, of small stature, and weak of voice

2. Manning the Navy English engraving showing impressment of U.S. sailors This 1790 engraving shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. War of 1812: Preconditions British war vs. Napoleon’s France British war vs. Napoleon’s France British supremacy of the seas British supremacy of the seas French seizure of U.S. shipping to “enforce” embargo reinforces U.S. weakness French seizure of U.S. shipping to “enforce” embargo reinforces U.S. weakness Increased U.S. confidence Increased U.S. confidence British arming of Indians British arming of Indians Southern expansionists desire Florida Southern expansionists desire Florida Madison’s world view Madison’s world view

3. Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard (1807) A painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake when the U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded the subdued Chesapeake and seized four deserters. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. War of 1812: War of 1812: Aggravators Orders in Council in London (1806) Orders in Council in London (1806) Embargo Act (1807) Embargo Act (1807) Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Non-Intercourse Act (1809) Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) backfires Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) backfires Madison accepts Napoleon’s offer to resume trade Madison accepts Napoleon’s offer to resume trade

4. The Shawnee chief Tecumseh Tecumseh and his brother, Prophet, led a revival of traditional Shawnee culture and preached Native American federation against white encroachment. (Tecumseh: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, FMNH Neg. #A93851) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. War of 1812: Aggravators Battle of Tippecanoe gives British Shawnee ally in Tecumseh (1811) Battle of Tippecanoe gives British Shawnee ally in Tecumseh (1811)Trigger Madison’s War Message (June 1, 1812) Madison’s War Message (June 1, 1812)