1. Chapter 22: Comparative Political Systems Section 2

2. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 2 Chapter 22, Section 2 Objectives 1.Understand how Enlightenment ideas helped influence the expansion of popular sovereignty. 2.Analyze the role of popular sovereignty in England, France, and around the world. 3.Describe the events in Latin America, Asia, and Africa that expanded popular sovereignty. 4.Examine how fascism and communism distort the concept of popular sovereignty.

3. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 3 Chapter 22, Section 2 Key Terms encomienda: the system of land grants and forced labor used by the Spanish in North and South America guerilla warfare: fighting carried out by small groups in hit-and-run raids fascism: a centralized, authoritarian government that glorifies the state over the individual communism: a state based on total government control of the economy

4. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 4 Chapter 22, Section 2 Introduction How have some nations expanded popular sovereignty? –Great Britain expanded popular sovereignty through a gradual series of reforms, while France did so through a violent revolution. –Latin American nations sought to form democracies, but faced continued political and economic instability. –Fascist and communist governments claimed to expand popular sovereignty, but instead enforced one-party rule.

5. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 5 Chapter 22, Section 2 The Enlightenment Key ideas about government arose during the Enlightenment. –John Locke argued that all human beings had natural rights and that government gains its authority from the people—the principle of popular sovereignty. –Adam Smith and David Ricardo argued for economic policies that would enrich the people as well as rulers. –Baron du Montesquieu argued for separation of powers in government.

6. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 6 Chapter 22, Section 2 Democracy in Britain In Great Britain, popular sovereignty began to replace the idea that monarchs ruled by divine right. Popular sovereignty developed gradually in Great Britain, while protecting many traditional institutions.

7. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 7 Chapter 22, Section 2 As a result of the Glorious Revolution in 1688, the Petition of Rights of and the Bill of Rights shifted power from the monarch to the elected Parliament. Voting rights greatly expanded in the 1800s as religious and property restrictions were removed. Democracy in Britain, cont.

8. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 8 Chapter 22, Section 2 Revolution in France In France, the monarchy grew more powerful until it was overthrown in the French Revolution of 1789. –Traditional institutions like the nobility and monarchy were destroyed. –Change came faster than in Britain but at the cost of much violence. –Today, France is a representative democracy like the United States.

9. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 9 Chapter 22, Section 2 Revolution in France, cont. The French revolutionary government violently overthrew King Louis XVI, the nobility, and the Church, creating a new republic with new institutions that did not last very long.

10. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 10 Chapter 22, Section 2 Spain created a forced labor system that abused the Indians in its colonies. In the 1800s, Spain’s Latin American colonies, such as Mexico, gained independence. Simón Bolivar (right) was a key revolutionary leader in South America. Latin American Independence

11. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 11 Chapter 22, Section 2 Latin American Independence Most countries in the Western Hemisphere won their independence from Spain and Portugal, which practiced a different form of colonial rule that had Britain in North America. –How did Spanish colonial rule continue to influence governments in Latin America after independence?

12. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 12 Chapter 22, Section 2 Obstacles to Democracy Latin America struggled to find stability and embrace popular sovereignty. –These former colonies of Spain and Portugal had no tradition of popular sovereignty or democracy. –Wealthy landowners and the Catholic Church had great influence and supported the status quo. –Continued revolutions and political instability slowed Latin America’s economic development.

13. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 13 Chapter 22, Section 2 Mexican Revolution The people of Mexico rebelled against President Porfirio Díaz, whose harsh economic policies brought wealth to elites and foreigners. In 1917, the revolutionaries won and created a constitution that sought more social and economic equality. The Institutional Revolutionary Party controlled Mexican politics from 1929 to 2000, providing relative stability.

14. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 14 Chapter 22, Section 2 Modern Latin America Through the 1800s and much of the 1900s, most Latin American countries were ruled by military dictators and the region suffered from repeated revolutions marked by guerilla warfare. Efforts to institute democratic rule often failed as new military leaders took over, promising to restore democracy after bringing economic and social stability. The end of the Cold War brought new opportunities for Latin American democracy.

15. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 15 Chapter 22, Section 2 Africa European nations divided Africa into colonies in 1884 at the Conference of Berlin. Colonies were formed without regard to traditional ethnic grouping or tribal borders. Why is Africa shown as a cake in this cartoon?

16. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 16 Chapter 22, Section 2 Africa and Asia Checkpoint: What factors affected government in newly independent countries in Asia and Africa? –Newly independent African and Asian countries had poorly developed economies due to colonial policies relying on exporting raw materials. –Their national borders often combined many ethnic groups with little in common. –They gained independence during the Cold War and were used as pawns in the superpower conflict.

17. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 17 Chapter 22, Section 2 Fascism and Communism Both fascism and communism claim to represent the interests of the people. –Fascism defines the people to exclude minority cultures and ethnic groups. But both systems give much power to the single party that controls the central government. This means that civil rights and popular sovereignty are typically repressed and any criticism of the government is met with violence.

18. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 18 Chapter 22, Section 2 Fascism Adolf Hitler was the Fascist dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. He and his party, the Nazis, believed in a nation defined on racial and ethnic terms. They also believed in a state-directed economy with private enterprise.

19. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 19 Chapter 22, Section 2 Communism The Soviet Union was led by Communist dictator Joseph Stalin from 1924 to 1953. Under Stalin, the State controlled the economy and religions were discouraged or outlawed.

20. Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc.Slide 20 Chapter 22, Section 2 Review Now that you have learned about how some nations have expanded popular sovereignty, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. –How should you measure different governments?