1. [fon Є tiks and fon Ɔ logi] Weeks 2-4 [wiks tu to for] Phonetics and Phonology

2. Phonology vs. Phonetics? “It is not unreasonable [...] to say that phonology deals with the systems and structures of speech, while phonetics focuses more narrowly on articulation and acoustics. But the boundary should not be sharply drawn [...]” (Clark, Yallop, and Fletcher 1997:4) http://books.google.com/books?id=dX5P5mxtYYIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phonology+pho netics&ei=wx2eS8W-PIiKyQTL7YjyDA&client=firefox-a&cd=3#v=onepage&q=&f=true

3. A Descriptive (not prescriptive) science Speakers are concerned with speaking/(and meaning), the linguist is concerned with how it is said. Concerned with the details, the structure, the rules.

4. [fon ɛ t ɪ k s ɪ mb ɔ ls] [p ʌ teto] ɛ kstr ə

5. Phonetics

6. Places of articulation

7. Places of articulation (2.2.4) Bilabial- bringing lips together [p] [b] [m] Labiodental-lower lip and teeth [f] [v] Interdental- tip of tongue through teeth [ θ ] [ð] Alveolar- tongue at/near the alveolar ridge [t] [s] [n] Palatal- further back of mouth on hard palate [d ʒ ] [j] [ ʃ ] Velar – soft part of roof of mouth behind hard palate/velar [k] [g] [ ŋ ] Glottal- produced at the larnyx [h]

8. Manner of Articulation (2.2.5) Voiced & Voiceless consonants Rounded & lax vowels /meet/ vs /boot/ [i] vs [u] Fricatives (2.2.5)/(2.4.3) [f] [v] [s] Affricates (2.2.5) [ t ʃ ], [d ʒ ] Stops [b] [t] [k] Liquids [l] [r] Nasals [n] [m] [ ŋ ]

9. Describing phonemes Voiced bilabial stop [b] Voiceless labidental fricative [f] Voiced labiodental fricative [v] Mid front lax vowel Low back rounded vowel

10. Transcription - [k ɛ ns ʌ l ɪ z n ɔ rm ə li leit f ɔ r kl ɑ s ] - /Kencil is normally late for class/ - Transcribe your name - [t ʃ ranskraib j ɔ r neim] - Our proposal is due today - [ ɔ w ʌ r pr ʌ pozal I z t ʌ de] - And the methodology is due next week. - [and ð I m Є θ ɔ d ɔ l ʌ d ʒ i I z d ʒ u n Є kst wik]

11. Diacritics Length [:] [skwiz] [i] [i:] /right/ -[rait] or [rai:t] Aspiration [h] Nasalised [ ~ ] Stress [`] /father/

12. G - [d ʒ i] X- [ ] /prime minister/ -[praim I n I st ʌ ] /carry/ /ask/ -[aks] “axe” Є ks

13. [fon Ɔ l ə gi] Phonology

14. [fon Ɔ l ə gi] Is the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds. What are the predictable and unpredictable? What are the characteristics of the environment that affect the change in sounds?

15. Allophones Variants of a phoneme. Non-contrastive (no change in meaning; English) Contrastive (changes the meaning; Hindi) Same or different environment Changes meaning (or not) “fruit”[p ʰ ə l] “moment” [p ə l]

16. Minimal Pairs Words that differ because of one sound which causes different meaning. “pin” & “tin” [p I n] & [t I n]

17. X Y/C____D [n] [m]/_____ labial consonant Phonological Rules

18. Assimilation Sound becomes more like the neighbouring ones. Resembles the environment. Alevolar Stop Assimilation –(consonants) “Sit down” Vowel harmony (Vowels) Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/ Any difference in plural marker? Why?

19. Dissimilation

20. Insertion (p., 113) Sit down “sit dunk” [s ɪ d ɔ ŋ k] “Melon” [m ɛ lion] H-Insertion “ ʰ egg” [ ʰ ] [ ʰɛ g] [ ʰ aus]

21. Deletion (p., 114) H-Deletion “home”- [om] “Nintendo” [ ɪ nt ɛ ndo]

22. Metathesis A Change in the order of sounds [aks] [krai] ?

23. Next week Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/ Any difference in plural marker? Why? oH/W Allomorphs (diff sounds indicate diff meaning) Morphophonemic rules Feature Matrix Read chapter and work on exercises.

24. What is an allophone? Definition An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Examples (English) [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. Examples (Spanish) [b] and [B] are allophones of the phoneme /b/. [d] and [D] are allophones of the phoneme /d/. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms /WhatIsAnAllophone.htm http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms /WhatIsAnAllophone.htm

25. Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme- phone-allophone Morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme- phone-allophone The relationship between a morpheme and its morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between a phoneme and its phones and allophones. A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs. A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones (phonetic sounds) in different environments. These phones are called allophones. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms /ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms /ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm

26. Formal Notation of Phonological Rules Basic Format A  B / C __ D This means “ A becomes B in the environment between C and D ” Eg) /CAD/  /CBD/ C & D are conditioning sounds Example (vowel nasalization) Vowels become nasalized before a nasal sound [+syllabic]  [+nasal] / _____ [+nasal]

27. Cont’d Distinctive features are normally used But other conventional diacritics are allowed Boundaries: # (word), + (morpheme), $ (syllable) ___# (word final), #___ (word initial), $___ (syllable initial) Segments: C(consonant), V(vowel), G(glide), N(nasal), L(lateral)