1. The Ratification of the Constitution

2. End of the Convention Ended Sept. 17, 1787 – only 39 men of 55 ultimately signed the Constitution Under AoC – all 13 states had to agree, but decided after 9 agreed, those agreeing states would adopt the Constitution Convention men going over the heads of Congress and states.

3. The Process Each state hold special convention in order to vote on constitution State delegates elected by people Ratification of Constitution required the approval of 9 states. Purpose: 1) Bypass state legislatures who would oppose it since Constitution reduced power of states 2) Gave framers time to campaign for delegates in their states who would support ratification

4. Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

5. Federalists Supporters of the constitution Insisted division of powers/system of checks and balances would protect US from the tyranny of centralized authority

6. Anti-Federalists Those who opposed a strong central government, and were against the Constitution Countered with list of possible abuses of power of a strong central Government: a.Would serve the interests of the privileged minority b.Would ignore rights of the majority c.Doubted a single Gov. could manage the affairs of a large country d.Constitution’s lack of protection for individual rights e.Felt states lost a lot of power

7. Anti-FederalistsNon-Supporters rural areas rural areas saw little benefit in a strong government that might add to their tax burden. Large states and those with strong economies (ie. NY) Large states and those with strong economies (ie. NY) because had greater freedom under the Articles of Confederation Leading Non-Supporters Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee

8. Federalists Supporters of the Constitution: urban centers (merchants, skilled workers, laborers) urban centers (merchants, skilled workers, laborers) saw the benefit of a national gov. that could control trade small states and those with weak economies small states and those with weak economies because central gov. could protect their interests Leading Supporters: George Washington George Washington James Madison James Madison

9. The Campaign in the Newspapers Both sides campaigned on subject of Constitution Both sides campaigned on subject of Constitution Used newspapers to get their views across Used newspapers to get their views across 2 Leading Documents: 2 Leading Documents:

10. Federalist Papers Pro- Constitution Writings 85 essays in NY newspapers 1787-1788 Published by signature “Publius” Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay Provided an analysis and explanation of the Constitution #10 – Impossible to have a republican government over large territory #10 – Impossible to have a republican government over large territory #51 - advocates that the separation of powers within the national government protects against a strong Central Gov. #51 - advocates that the separation of powers within the national government protects against a strong Central Gov.

11. Letters from the Federal Farmer Anti-Constitution written by Richard Henry Lee Insisted rights of individuals needed to be protected

13. The Importance of the Bill of Rights

14. Reasons for a Bill of Rights Since Constitution weakened states, needed something in Central Gov. to protect Individual Rights Despite Federalist arguments, they yielded

15. Ratification First State to Ratify – Delaware – Dec. 1787 New Hampshire 9 th state to ratify = constitution is passed NY,VA, NC, and RI had not yet voted –Needed NY and VA to legitimize the Constitution

16. Heated debate in VA, but support of GW, JM brought Federalist victory in June 1788 NY ratified on July 26, 1788 Last state to accept Constitution = RI (5/29/90) Many states had waited for Federalists pledge to include Bill of Rights before ratifying Bill of Rights finally passed by Congress 9/25/89, ratified Dec. 15, 1791.

17. Ratification