1. Carbon Compounds Chapter 2 Section 3 Part 2

2. Objectives  Describe the unique qualities of carbon  Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules

3. Important Vocabulary  Monomer  Polymer  Carbohydrate  Monosaccharide  Lipid  Nucleic acid  Nucleotide  Protein  Amino acid

4. Functional Groups  Are a cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecule they are attached to  They also play a role in the type of reactions a molecule participates in

5. Most Common Functional Groups

6. Other Functional Groups

8. Hydroxyl Group  -OH  Makes molecules polar  Is hydrophilic, which means “water loving”  Molecules with this group are water soluble  An alcohol is an organic compound that has a hydroxyl group attached

9. Carboxyl Group  -COOH  The carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond  Organic compounds that contain this group are called carboxylic acids

10. Amino Group  -NH 2  Found in amino acids and amines  Makes compounds water soluble and have a higher boiling point

11. Phosphate Group  -PO 4  Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and ecology  Inorganic phosphates are mind to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry  Most phosphates are not water soluble

12. Nucleic Acids  Are very large & complex molecules  They store & transfer important information in the cell  Composed of monomers called nucleotides  2 types: DNA RNA

13. Nucleotides Three parts to a nucleotide: A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate & a nitrogenous base

14. DNA  Deoxyribonucleic Acid  2 strands  Composed of 4 types of nucleotides & a sugar-phosphate backbone  Contains all the information that determines the characteristics of an organism

15. RNA  Ribonucleic Acid  1 strand  Composed of 4 nucleotides & a sugar- phosphate backbone  Stores and transfers information from DNA to make proteins  They also act as enzymes

16. RNA vs DNA

17. Proteins  Are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen  They are made up of monomers known as amino acids  There are 20 different amino acids  Amino acids are connected to each other with peptide bonds  Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes  Important in cell structures and transportation of disease fighting substances in or out of cells

19. Amino Acids  All 20 amino acids share a basic structure

20. Dipeptides  2 amino acids hooked together by a peptide bond  Formed through a condensation reaction

21. Polypeptides  Are amino acids in really long chains  Proteins are often made of 1 or more polypeptides  Because they are so big, they fold into special forms:  Primary  Secondary  Tertiary  Quaternary

22. Protein Structures