1. Tense in English Conceptually, we have three tenses, but, grammatically, English has only two different tense marking strategies: Past: Past: the event happened before now. Non-past: Non-past: the event happens now or whatever time period that includes now. It encompasses both “present” and “future”. Past tense: tells us that the event or state described by a sentence occurred sometime before the speech time. It is usually marked by -ed on the verb (but also irregularly as in give/gave, bring/brought, sing/sang, etc.) I climbed the mountain. I spoke before the jury. I could talk to him last week.

2. Tense in English Non-Past tense tells us that the event or state, described by a sentence holds true of the speech time, i.e., now. In some cases, non-past tensed sentence describes actions that may be re-occurring or about to occur.  Ali works in a multi-national company.  Khaled runs a factory.  Gold is a shining metal.  The Earth revolves around the sun.

3. Aspect in English What is Aspect? What is Aspect? It is a term used to describe the state of verb action as beginning, in progress, or completed. In many languages, aspect and tense are closely interwoven with each other. English has two main aspects: 1.The perfect 2.The progressive

4. Aspect … cont’d Perfect Aspect: Perfect Aspect: It describes an action that started and completed sometime before topic time (e.g. now) and still has a relevance to it. It is marked by the combination of the auxiliary "have" and the past participle morpheme “ –en ” occurring on the verb that follows “have”. a.Students have expressed to me their love for linguistics. b.You have been great, good night! c.Martha has reportedly driven him crazy. d.She had known him for a year when he died.

5. Aspect … cont’d Progressive Aspect: Progressive Aspect: It describes an ongoing action, or an eventuality in progress, especially one that is continuous or repetitive. It is marked by the combination of the auxiliary “ be ” + the present participle “-ing” on the main verb. is speaking a. Sally Johns is speaking again. were sleeping b. While you were sleeping, I ate the cake. are being c. You are being childish. was thinking d. He was thinking of Janine.

6. Tense and Aspect in Arabic Arabic has two tenses: past and present. Future tense is indicated by means of future particles (ســــ ) or (سوف ) Arabic has two aspects: 1- The perfect refers to a past time or completed action. 2- The imperfect refers to present or non-past time

7. Tense and Aspect in Arabic PerfectImperfect أناكتبتُأكتبُ نحن كتبنا نكتب انتكتبتَتكتبُ انتِكتبتِتكتبينَ هو كتبيكتب هيكتبتتكتب هم كتبويكتبون هن كتبنيكتبن

8. 1- Man is mortal 2- Abdullah left for Cairo yesterday 3- I walk for two kilometers every day 4- I lived in New York for one year 5- Maha is going to finish her report tonight 6- Don’t worry! I’ll help you with this 7- George is writing a book on literature these days 8- The exhibition is starting next week. 9- Ali was listening to music at 8pm yesterday evening 10- Mona was cooking when the telephone rang 11. When I entered the room, the speaker was already giving his speech. Activity 1: Translate the following into Arabic

9. Activity 2: Translate the following into English: 11- I will be sitting in class at this time tomorrow 12- John and Mary have moved into a new apartment 13- I have lived in Amman for two years 14- I have been playing basketball since 10 o’clock 15- Huda has been thinking about changing her major 16- The rain had stopped before the time class was over 17- The police had been looking for the thief for 3 months 18- My parents will have gone to sleep by the time I get home. 19. I will have been watching the film for two hours before I go to bed. 20. He will be working on the experiment for three months

10. Activity 3: Translate the following into English: 1.لم ارها لحد الان 2.لقد زرت عشرة دول لحد الان 3.لم يعثر على وظيفة جديدة منذ ان ترك وظيفته في شركتنا 4.انهم يناقشون المشكلة منذ اكثر من ساعتين 5.لقد انتظر والدي في المطار مدة ثلاثة ساعات قبل ان يستقل رحلة اخرى 6.كان يستعد للذهاب الى المنزل قبل ان يرن جرس الهاتف 7.لقد كنا لتونا ننتظره عندما دخل الغرفة فجأة 8.سأغادر عملي في وقت متأخر هذه الليلة، في الوقت الذي اصل فيه الى البيت سيكون الاولاد قد اووا الى فراشهم 9.مع نهاية هذا الشهر، سأكون قد أمضيت في عملي في الجامعة عشر سنوات 10.قبل ان يعثر رجال البوليس على القاتل سيكون قد غادر البلاد.

11. 1. سأسافر إلى لندن عندما أعرف كل التفاصيل. 2. سيستخدم الجيش الاسرائيلي أسلحة أكثر تدميرا في الحرب القادمة مع الفلسطينيين. 3. ستعقد الانتخابات البرلمانية في شهر سبتمبر القادم. 4. ستشارك فلسطين في المؤتمر الدولي حول اللاجئين الفلسطينيين العام المقبل. 5. سيدرس طلاب الإعلام مساق الصحافة الاستقصائية هذا الفصل. 6. سنحاول التحدث لرئيس الجامعة عن مشاكل الطلبة في قسم الصحافة والاعلام. 7. لن يعترف الشعب الفلسطيني أبدا بإسرائيل. 8. سوف يتحرر الشعب الفلسطيني من الاحتلال الصهيوني لأرضه. Activity 4: Translate the following sentences into English: