1. Animal Farm by George Orwell

2. Karl Marx German political philosopher Wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) Criticized capitalism: encourages competition between citizens but rewards are unequal US, other world powers support capitalism (say that if you work harder, you earn the rewards) US was seen as pushy in regards to capitalism Did not support capitalistic ideals

3. Communism Aimed at lower working classes (wants to eliminate class distinctions) Collective ownership of industrial wealth Violence during the revolution, but levels off after restructuring of government Theoretically not bigoted Societies less advanced

4. Russia in Crisis Russia was poor, unindustrialized, illiterate, and hungry Russian government: czar dictated governmental policy with no regard to the people; claimed to get power from God, chose own successor (so had absolute rule) During WWI, Russia lost money and land to the war effort; starvation and disease were rampant Royals not as affected

5. Russia in Crisis 1914-1917: minor revolts among the citizens (protests, labor strikes) February 28, 1917: Czar Nicholas II lost power to the people For 8 months there was no unified government (Provisional Government not effective)

6. Soviets “soviet” = “council” During upheaval and Provisional Government, soviets were controlled by Vladimir Lenin Worked to win the support of Russian troops Took control of railroad and telephone lines In this way, they could manipulate movement and communication throughout the country

7. Revolution Lenin aided by Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky “Land, bread, and peace” Promised to end Russia’s involvement in the war October 1917: Communists took control (Marx’s predicted revolution)

8. Consequences of Revolution Land taken from owners No private property No hired labor Those who once had land and money but were forced to give it up began to campaign against the soviets US and Great Britain were concerned about the revolution, so they supported these campaigns

9. Taking Power In order to have peace in the face of opposition, Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky had to destroy those who opposed them The Red Army led a terror campaign to root out and execute anti-Communists; led by Trotsky 1918-1921: civil war between communists and their enemies Communists were able to retain power

10. Lenin’s Death People began to wonder if the civil war and Lenin’s tactics went against the spirit of communism Lenin died in 1922; Trotsky and Stalin both wanted power

11. Leon Trotsky Brilliant speaker, writer, and visionary thinker Wanted to make Russian an industrial powerhouse Gained many followers through his charismatic speeches

12. Joseph Stalin Less of a dreamer, more administrative Worked to create loyalty within the soviets (more behind-the-scenes) Since he had formed these bonds with those in control he was able to take over (instead of Trotsky) Ruled for 25 years

13. Stalin’s Rule and Trotsky Eventually had Trotsky expelled from the country and in 1940 had him assassinated in Mexico Trotsky became the scapegoat and common enemy (so anyone associated with him became an enemy)

14. Stalin’s Rule Stalin ruled through terror KGB Russian internal police force Used to spy on anyone Stalin suspected Speaking against Stalin meant arrest or worse Purges Arrested high-ranking officials, forced them to make false confessions, and executed them Between 2 and 7 million people were killed in the purges, even more were imprisoned

15. Gulags Prisons in outlying areas Used inmates as labor, deprived them of necessities

16. Under Stalin’s rule, the Soviet Union became even more powerful and terrifying Stalin died in 1953; some relief, but not much People still highly monitored, spied on, unable to protest Highly repressive government until the mid-1980s

17. Allegory A story which stands for something else 2 levels of meaning: 1.Surface level (Animal Farm is a story about animals) 2.Secondary level (animals stand for types of people and ideas) Fables