1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Main transport system
Gases
Food
Waste
Hormones
Minerals
Medications
Heart rate - controlled by autonomic nervous system
Slide in two parts
As you all know etc....

2. Blood vessels - “tubes”
Circulation
Pulmonary (to lungs)
Systemic (to body)
Coronary (to heart muscle)
Blood vessels - “tubes”
Arteries - from heart to body
Veins - from the body to the heart
Capillaries - interchange of gases, food and waste
Three main circulation systems.
Talk about the heart as a pump
In terms of exercise we can make the biggest difference to the coronary circulation and the capilliaries. The biggest effect is that when we’re fitter the heart has more time to recover between beats, more time in diastolye.

3. CONTRACTION OF HEART MUSCLE
Heart muscle contracts automatically – spontaneous discharge of pacemaker cells
Sino-atrial node - heart’s pacemaker located in right atrium. Impulses travel through atria to ventricles via A-V node.
Heart muscle cells are connected
The hearts pacemaker the AS node
The heart keeps beating because of the independent contraction.
AV node replaces the synapse and neurotransmitters, making the messages pass quickly.

4. CONTRACTION OF HEART Parasympathetic activity slows the heart
vagus nerve releases Acetylcholine
Sympathetic activity quickens the heart
release of Adrenaline and neurotransmitters
Blood Pressure
cardiac output flowing into vascular system influences systolic pressure
resistance of blood vessels influences diastolic blood pressure
Read the slides. Mad axeman story again
“can remember the part of the nervous system controlling the heart contraction”
Main things that affect diastolic and systolic are the furring up of the arteries and
So we know with regular exercise we can improve cardiac output so the pump works better but we’re unlikely to be able to do anything about the resistance of our vessels.

5. VOLUMES Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Maximal O2 Uptake
Blood per beat
Cardiac Output
Blood per minute
Maximal O2 Uptake
Amount of oxygen that can be used in one minute – ml/kg/min

6. Men Age  % VO2 max Dressing Walking (3mph) Stair Climbing (slowly)
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (ml/kg.min)
Dressing
Making the bed
Walking (3mph)
Stair Climbing (slowly) 50 75 25 20 40 30 80
100
Left younger people, right older people.
Reduction in maximal aerobic capacity.
Dressing – may only re

7. EFFECTS OF AGEING
At rest no major changes to heart rate, stroke volume or cardiac output due to age alone BUT when the system is challenged then there are age-related deficits – compounded by sedentary behaviour
 stiffness of heart wall (collagen)
 Maximal H.R.
 Maximal stroke volume
 Maximal cardiac output
 Maximal aerobic power – 10% per decade
 systolic blood pressure
 incidence of postural hypotension (failure of venous return)
Everything gets stiffer.
Without disease there are not many changes with agiang when you aren’t working at maximal level.
If your groups have spent a lot of time on floor work, there will be cases of postural hypotension. You must make sure that you do some ankle pumps to resolve this problem.

8. Fallers vs Non-fallers
Cardiac symptoms can affect falls
Syncope
Arrythmias
TIAs
Postural Hypotension
Cardiac medications not a major risk except in combination with other medications (>4)
Any symptoms affecting teh capacity of O2 to get to the right place at the right time will lead to a fall.
Cardiac meds on their own aren’t a problem but when combined with other things, polypharmacy, is when it does become a problem.

9. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES
Tasks will require  % of maximum in older person
Unable to sustain submaximal activities
Postural hypotension can lead to blackout / drop attack / injury
Fartlek training approach
Circulation re-booster on major postural transitions
Using a great % of your max uptake for any task that you do – why you can’t sustain submax activities.
What to do

10. EFFECTS OF TRAINING Increased time in Diastole ( heart health)
Maximal aerobic power can be  by 
Muscle oxidative enzymes
Muscle capillarisation
Stroke volume and cardiac output
Relative increases similar to young people
Everyday tasks require  % of VO2 max
Everyday tasks can be performed for longer with greater ease
 Hypertension and  Postural Hypotension in some
Increasing the time that the heart is in relaxed mode – diastole
Can increase max. Aerobic power by Change in the ms. Oxidative enzymes
Improve local blood flow and because inc. Heart ms. Strength increase stroke volvume Max blood per beat.
Similar relative training response . Once you get to 80 and above it’s harder to reach max. Aerobic capacity – it gets harder to work them at the level required, and they drop out! So it takes much longer to achieve changes.
Making things more efficient, that’s why we repeat so lose less of VO2 max as they are more efficient.
Mild ht, can even come off medication.
Ref for PH Miller and McMurdo – 26 weeks exercise. NH residents with seated exercise, significant reduction in PH

11. PULMONARY SYSTEM Main transport system for gases
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Ventilation controlled by Nervous System
normally automatic (respiratory centres in brain stem)
some voluntary control (cortex overides respiratory centres)

12. Structure Nasal passages Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli
Gas exchange takes place rapidly in alveoli - large surface area surrounded by dense capillaries

13. VENTILATION Inspiration is active volume of thoracic cavity  by
contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm
Expiration (at rest) is passive
volume returned to resting values

14. LUNG VOLUMES

15. EFFECTS OF AGING  Stiffness of chest wall
 Strength of respiratory muscles
 Elastic recoil in lung
 Residual dead space
 Functional area of lung
 Cartilaginous support
 Thickening of mucosal lining
 Sensitivity of respiratory centres

16. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES
System still adequate for sub-maximal activity
 Respiratory work
 Oxygen costs of many activities
 Breathlessness may reduce tolerance of
exercise
 maximal voluntary ventilation
 mechanical efficiency of movement
 posture

17. EFFECTS OF TRAINING  maximal voluntary ventilation
 mechanical efficiency of movement
 posture