1. Diesel Exhaust Filter Cummins 1:  Michael Erhardt  Patrius Robinson  Tedrick Rollings  Jonathan Whitaker

2. Outline Project Objective Background Conceptual Ideas Decision Matrix Final Design Proposed Solution Future Spring Proposal Conclusion Questions

3. Project Objective Design a sensor or system capable of measuring the amount of soot in a diesel soot filter. Should be mass production capable cost effective. Accuracy = +/- 0.5 g of soot per liter of filter. This can be accomplished by either measuring the soot flowing into the filter, or measuring the amount of soot in the filter, and so on…..

4. Background Introduction Diesel Engines Properties of Diesel Exhaust Diesel Soot Filters Cummins 610 Turbo Diesel

5. Background Info Diesel Engine Characteristics Compressed Air Intake High Compression Ratio Direct Fuel Injection Cummins On-Highway Class HowStuffWorks.com

6. Background Info Diesel fuel = mixture of many different hydrocarbon molecules. Combustion forms a complex mixture of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds Components Include are: Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen Water vapor Carbon monoxide Nitrogen compounds Sulfur compounds Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons

7. Background Info Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Cordierite Filter: refractory ceramic Semi-Porous Adsorbent Manufactured via extrusion process as a whole piece (monolithic) Cordierite Filter

8. Background Info

9. Conceptual Designs Constant Applied Voltage Ammeter (Measures Current) Wiring Particulates (Soot) Cordierite Filter Power Supply (Supplies Voltage) Vehicle Stack Exhaust Concept #1: Force Measuring System Idea #2: Continuous Dilution Method Idea #3: Temperature Monitoring Idea #4: Particulate Measurement through Electrical Current Analysis Idea #5: Incandescence Soot Measurement

10. Conceptual Designs Decision Matrix Factor quantifying system: 1 – Very Poor 2 – Poor 3 – Average 4 – Good 5 – Excellent Largest Total: Most reasonable idea Concept 3 was selected to be the most possible idea using the decision matrix.

11. Proposed Solution: Design Development Temperature Monitoring 1 st Step: Validate the scientific principles used to formulate this concept. Basic thermodynamic principle: as an object gains more mass it will be more difficult to raise its temperature. Soot Filter Air Soot(1-η) Energy Equation Becomes Component Breakdown Simpler Modeling

12. Proposed Solution: Measurement System Temperature Sensor Placement Concern RTD System

13. Future Work Based on the recommendations given to us by our sponsor, the spring package will include: One or two practical short term proposed solutions for the design issue. A proposed research project (long-term solution).

14. Future Work: Projects Short term proposed solutions for the design issue. Competitive Company well-informed on the most current technology. Conduct market analyses on current projects. A proposed research project (long-term solution) Cummins strives to be an innovator in the development of new technologies Propose a scientifically feasible research project that will give Cummins the competitive edge Engine Model: QSC8.3

15. Short Term Idea #1: Flame Ionization Detection Method Flame Ionization Detection Method: The goal of this method is to allow for real- time measurement. The exhaust gas is burned by a hydrogen flame. The particulate matter (PM) concentration is calculated based on the ion current that develops during the burning. This method can continuously measure soot and soluble organic fraction (SOF) independently.

16. Flame Ionization Detection Method The exhaust gas flow is split into two lines: One at 191°C One with the temperature adjusted to 52°C. In the 52°C line, the solid components in the gas are removed by a filter, so only the gaseous components are fed to the FID. While the 191°C line, the gas is fed directly to the FID.

17. Flame Ionization Detection Method The output from the 191°C line includes a pulse signal. The signal is caused by carbon particles, and is proportional to the soot concentration. The difference in the amount of vaporized hydrocarbons under each condition correlates to the SOF concentration. Shows the results of the continuous PM measurement of a diesel vehicle running on a chassis dynamometer.

18. Short Term Idea #2: Pressure Drop of Segmented Diesel Particulate Filter Pressure Drop of Segmented Diesel Particulate Filter This idea uses the flow resistance of a segmented Diesel particulate filter. A monolithic (Cordierite) filter left vs. a segmented (silicon Carbide) filter composed of 16 individual segments.

19. Pressure Drop of Segmented Diesel Particulate Filter Both Cordierite and Silicon Carbide filters perform the same action of particulate filtration. Flow passage through the filtration walls generates a fair amount of resistance to the flow. Monolithic filter: Total filtration area = sum of individual filtration areas of inlet channels. Segmented filter: Not all inlet channel walls are used

20. Pressure Drop of Segmented Diesel Particulate Filter As far as filter flow resistance is concerned, a segmented design has two primary effects on the filter response: Reduces the net filtration wall area of the filter. It also slightly reduces the filter open frontal area. Pressure drop of a segmented filter (dashed line) vs. a monolithic filter

21. Long-Term Solution: Experimental Research Research Proposal Determination of Optimal Location for Temperature Sensor Operation Temperature Response

22. Conclusion & Questions? Engine Model: QSK78