EXAM 2- June 2013 OUTLINE PAPER

EXAM 2- June 2013 OUTLINE PAPER There will 3 questions on the paper with 4 parts and then one extended question (essay) from a choice of two (race or wider world) The RACE issue in America USA and the WIDER WORLD Change in the USA (Don’t try to answer this- not studied!)

The War in Iraq.

How many soldiers have died in Iraq since 2003?
5272 US soldiers have been killed in Iraq since 2003 officially wounded

Why is America fighting in Iraq?
Humanitarian reasons? To save the Iraq people from the terror of Saddam Hussein 2. To combat terrorism? 3. Self- defence? 4. To destroy weapons of mass destruction?

What is America’s role in the world today?

Since 1945 The USA has been involved in many conflicts
The War in Korea

The war against Vietnam

Gulf War

Conflicts against the East in the Cold war
The Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Change in the USA (Don’t try to answer this- not studied!)
EXAM 2- June 2013 OUTLINE PAPER There will 3 questions on the paper with 4 parts and then one extended question (essay) from a choice of two (race or wider world) 1. Change in the USA (Don’t try to answer this- not studied!) 2. The RACE issue in America 3. USA and the WIDER WORLD

The USA and the WIDER WORLD What changing role did America play in World Affairs between 1929 and 2000?

How and why did American foreign policy change 1929-1945?
From 1920s Isolation to War

America’s position was strange. In some ways it was isolationist.
It had two sides. In some ways it was isolationist. In other ways it was involved in World affairs and problems, and this stemmed from their position in the 1920s.

Isolationism The idea that America should stay out of the affairs of other nations. This would help to improve their financial position as well as save lives.

Why did America want to be isolationist?
The cost of financing wars Arguments/ wars often didn’t involve nor concern America Causalities figures- innocent American lives were lost fighting other nations’ battles What side should they be on? Germany? Britain? There were immigrants from many nations.

America and the League of Nations
Read page 3 of the booklet

2. Describe America’s attitude towards the League of Nations.
Answer the following questions 1. What was the League of Nations? 2. Describe America’s attitude towards the League of Nations.

Evidence of isolationist position
In some ways the USA did adopt an isolationist approach in the period ? Evidence of isolationist position The USA refuses to help Britain in WWI in 1914 The USA did not join the League of Nations in 1919 The USA introduced immigration quotas in the 1920s. The USA introduced the ForneyMcCumber import tariffs1929.

But, was the USA truly isolationist in the period ?

In the 1920s and 30s America remained isolationist when it came to matters concerning EUROPE and relating to war. However, their isolationist position changed when it affected trade. America’s concern lay in protecting and promoting American trade particularly in the Pacific area.

In the 1930s most politicians wanted to follow a policy of friendship towards other countries.
1933 Good neighbour policy- Montevideo Inter-American Conference (lend money to poorer nations).

The Neutrality Acts (1-4) were further evidence of America’s isolationist position. They said....

Did American policy change in the 1930s?
America’s priority was to get out of Depression. Congress carried on with its policy of isolationism by passing a series of Neutrality Acts 1935 Neutrality Act –forbade the selling of arms and warring materials to either sides. 1936 Neutrality Act – reinforced that selling of arms was forbidden and stopped loans to countries at war. 1937 Neutrality Act – U.S. ships were prohibited from transporting any passengers or articles to warring sides, and U.S. citizens were forbidden from travelling on ships of warring nations. 1939- Neutrality Act- Cash and Carry scheme- the USA could sell materials and supplies to Europe as long as the buyer came and got them.(Hoped to aid GB and France)

However, by 1939 there was a move away from isolationism
The 1939 Neutrality Act said... 1941 Lend lease said...

1. The USA sponsored the Washington Disarmament Conference which negotiated navy limitations with Britain, France, Japan and Italy 1921, 1922. 2. US Secretary of State Charles Dawes negotiated a $200 million loan to Germany in 1924 in what became known as the Dawes Plan. 3. Kellogg Briand Pact of international treaty to avoid war 4. Good neighbour policy- Montevideo Inter-American Conference (lend money to poorer nations). 5. In 1929 the USA helped Germany to re-negotiate reparations with the Allies - the Young Plan so that they could be postponed until Germany could afford to pay them. 6. The USA joined the Geneva Peace Conference 1932.

Further evidence of a policy of isolationism in the 1930s
Neutrality Acts Did not join WWII in 1939

Exam questions for OUTLINE study
‘A’ question. (6 lines) What does the source show you......(2) Two marks for two relevant selections from the source and information

How isolationist was the USA in the 1920s and 1930s?
It was isolationist because…… -it refused to join the LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1919 -it restricted immigration into USA 1920s- -it introduced the Fordney-McCumber tariffs 1920s.

However, it became less isolationist because America….
It invested in Europe- Dawes Plan, Young Plan –lent money to Germany 2. ‘Good Neighbour’ policy- Loaned money to poor countries 3. Took lead in disarmament meetings- Kellogg- Briand Pact and Washington Naval Agreement 4. Neutrality Acts- after WWII started in 1939 the ‘Cash and Carry Scheme’- nations at war could buy US goods as long as they paid cash and collected them.

B question Describe................. (4) (12 lines)
Give facts about Detailed accurate information Describe the USA’s policy of isolationism during the 1930s

Isolationism was.... (brief definition)
Reason for isolationism.... Evidence of isolationism... (1920s and 30s) Evidence to show move away from isolationism and reasons for this.... (Cash and carry- Neutrality Act 5, Good Neighbour?)

How did the USA become involved in the war in Europe in the years 1939-41

Increasing concern over Europe
By the 1930s there is increasing pressure to get involved in the war and the development of American action shows an increasing commitment to the Allies short of actually fighting The CDA believed.... Whereas the AFC stated.... ACT OF HAVANA ATLANTIC CHARTER LEND LEASE

The COMMITTEE to DEFEND AMERICA (CDA), set up in1939, supported Roosevelt in wanting to help Britain- short of going to war. AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE (AFC), set up in 1940, opposed anything that might risk American neutrality. They felt Britain was refusing to negotiate with Hitler because they wanted to convince America to enter the war on their side.

July 1940 Act Of Havana – Roosevelt promises to take over European possessions in the Americas which might fall into Nazi hands and be a starting point for a Nazi attack on the USA. September 1940 : Increased spending on weapons Conscription - all men 21 to 35 Ban (embargo) on sale of iron and steel to Japan – very annoying for Japan US swaps destroyers for British naval bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. March 1941 Lend Lease August 1941 the Atlantic Charter.

THE ATLANTIC CHARTER. In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill met on a ship off Newfoundland and issued the Atlantic Charter, It lasted 4 days and it established goals for the post-war world. 1 Free trade in the world 2Freedom of the seas 3. Freedom of the people to choose their own government 4. An end to the use of armed force 5. Final destruction of Nazi tyranny.

By September, 15 other countries had signed the Charter and the ideas was put forward of an international organisation to protect the security of all countries. This was the origin of the United Nations. By Nov 1941 few Americans supported the idea of isolationism. The USA had increased support for Britain, escorting merchant ships, some British ships were repaired in US shipyards. A US ship, Reuben James was sunk off Iceland and soon Congress revised the neutrality Acts to allow US merchant ships to arm and also carry munitions directly to Britain.

DESCRIBE THE ATLANTIC CHARTER- exam style question (4)

Describe the role the US played before it got involved in WWII? (4)
Cash and Carry Scheme Lend Lease Scheme which began in March 41 but continued until 1945 July 1940 Act Of Havana – Roosevelt promises to take over European possessions in the Americas which might fall into Nazi hands and be a starting point for a Nazi attack on the USA 1941- Atlantic Charter

How isolationist was the USA in the 1920s and 1930s?
It was isolationist because…… It refused to join the LEAGUE OF NATIONS It restricted immigration into USA It introduced the Fordney Mc-cumber Tariffs. Neutrality acts intended to keep the USA out of future wars Didn’t join WWII inn1939

However, it wasn’t isolationist because….
1.Invested in Europe- Dawes Plan, Young Plan 2. Good Neighbour policy- Loaned money to poor countries 3. Took lead in disarmament meetings- Kellogg- Briand Pact and Washington Naval Agreement. 4. Cash and carry Scheme (Neutrality Act 5)- nations at war could buy US goods as long as they paid cash and collected them. 5. Lend-lease schemes (money to GB and USSR)- was this purely for defence?

Deteriorating relations with Japan 1939-41
The Japanese Empire Alliance with Nazi Germany America’s economic boycott Invasion of Indo-China America cut off oil supplies General

From President Roosevelt’s Address to the Nation, September 11th 1941.
Source F From ‘The Second World War’ Winston Churchill 1949, talking about Roosevelt Had he (Roosevelt) not acted as he did, in the way he did… a hideous fate may well have overwhelmed mankind and made its whole future for centuries sink into shame and ruin. It may well be that he not only anticipated history but altered its course and altered it in a manner which has saved freedom and earned the gratitude of the human race for generations to come. Source E From President Roosevelt’s Address to the Nation, September 11th 1941. We have sought no shooting war with Hitler. We do not seek it now…. But when you see a rattlesnake poised to strike, you do not wait until it has struck before you crush it. These Nazi submarines and raiders are the rattlesnakes of the Atlantic. Task Study sources E and F and use them to explain why Roosevelt was prepared to take the USA into another war by 1941.

D Style question- 8 marks
How successful.... (Other questions include: How important.... Was X a turning point -see later instruction) Analyse and evaluate- try not to just describe Try to balance your answer Reach a judgment

How successful was Roosevelt in keeping the US isolated in the 1930s
On the one hand Roosevelt was successful because... However, the US was not truly isolationist because.... Judgement (it is not always possible to balance your answer)

How successful was Roosevelt in keeping the US isolated in the 1930s
On the one hand Roosevelt was successful because... Neutrality Acts (1-4)

However, the US was not truly isolationist because....
1933- Good Neighbour policy Pre-war support 1939- Neutrality Act 5 1941- Lend Lease Act of Havana Atlantic Charter

Judgement Successful? It was becoming increasingly difficult to justify the isolationist position. Yet, FDR remained as isolationist as he could given the support for it. FDR managed to maintain the balance of retaining an isolationist position by not getting involved in the war but also by support the allies by providing goods.

‘How did the USA become involved in the war against Japan 1939-1941?
General Tojo

The rising threat of Japan
Japan had become an industrialised country by the end of the nineteenth century. They had fought on the Allied side in World War One but felt insulted when the League of Nations covenant did not acknowledge racial equality. 1921 the Washington Naval Conference said Japan’s navy was to be no more than 60% that of Britain or America. This caused a lot of bad feeling among the Japanese

After the war the economy of Japan continued to grow but after the Wall Street Crash trade between America and Japan diminished. At home the Japanese army was influencing the government. Japan has few natural resources. If Japan could not get what it needed by trade it would get it by war. Japanese emperor

The invasion of Manchuria 1931
The Japanese army attacked Manchuria (part of China) in China appealed to the League of Nations for help. Japan had secured Manchuria and six years later began attacking other parts of China (Shanghai and other cities were bombed).The League condemned Japan as the aggressor, gave financial aid to China and asked it to withdraw. Instead Japan withdrew from the League.The League could not enforce its decision because the USA and Soviet Union (Russia) were not members. Germany and Italy recognised the new Japanese state and left the League soon afterwards. America did not begin trade sanctions but asked Americans to boycott Japanese silk Manchuria

1940 German successes in the Second World War gave Japan the confidence to move on British and French colonies in Asia and the Pacific. July 1941 Indo China was taken from France. (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) America increased aid to China and began to cut trade with Japan. August 1941 USA banned the sale of oil so Japan was forced to look to SE Asia for oil deposits since 90% of its oil came from America.

Why was Japan a rising threat in the 1920s and 30s?
The League of Nations did not acknowledge racial equality with Japan. – Angry? Revenge? 1921 the Washington Naval Conference said Japan’s navy was to be no more than 60% that of Britain or America. This caused a lot of bad feeling among the Japanese The Japanese economy continued to grow after WWI but it had few natural resources. So the army encouraged the government to invade MANCHURIA (China). Japan ignored the League of Nations when it told them to leave Manchuria. The Japanese invasion of Manchuria and other parts of China threatened America’s power. THE USA CUT THE OIL SUPPLIES FROM THE USA TO JAPAN (90%) ( German successes in WWII gave the Japanese the confidence to take over British and French colonies in the Asia and the Pacific e.g Indo-China was taken from France.)

1940s The end of isolation: USA and Second World War.
Pearl Harbor 1941 At dawn on December the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the US fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. 4battleships were sunk, 10 craft destroyed; 188 planes destroyed and 155 damaged, 2345 people killed. The next day America declared war on Japan. There was no reason to declare war on Germany but Hitler declared war on America on December 11th 1941.

The Japanese Empire Alliance with Nazi Germany America’s economic boycott Invasion of Indo-China Oil supplies General Tojo

Pearl Harbor December

All the oil storage tanks.
4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 2 destroyers sunk 1 destroyer damaged 3 cruisers damaged 1 other ship sunk 3 others damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 155 aircraft damaged Saved 4 aircraft carriers; All the oil storage tanks. The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor.

Above: The battleship USS Arizona after a bomb penetrated into the forward magazine causing massive explosions and killing 1,104 men. Above : Dousing the flames on the battleship USS West Virginia, which survived and was rebuilt.

A photo taken from a Japanese plane during the attack shows vulnerable American battleships, and in the distance, smoke rising from Hickam Airfield where 35 men having breakfast in the mess hall were killed after a direct bomb hit.

Describe what happened at Pearl Harbour (4)
A surprise attack was launched on the American Naval base in Hawaii on the 7th Dec 1941 The Japanese missed 4 American aircraft carriers which were out on exercises and huge oil stores 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 2 destroyers sunk 1 destroyer damaged 3 cruisers damaged 1 other ship sunk 3 others damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 155 aircraft damaged

Why did the USA get involved in WWII?
The Japanese attacked the American naval fleet in Pearl Harbour on Dec 7th 1941 causing huge damage and over 2000 deaths. The next day the USA declared war against the Japanese and fought them in the Pacific. Hitler declared war on America on 11th Dec in 1941 so troops were sent to fight on the Western Front in Europe. America had moved towards involvement from 1939 with the Act of Havana, Increased spending on weapons Conscription - all men 21 to 35 Ban (embargo) on sale of iron and steel to Japan – very annoying for Japan US swaps destroyers for British naval bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland. March 1941 Lend Lease

The Japanese Empire Alliance with Nazi Germany America’s economic boycott Invasion of Indo-China Oil supplies General Tojo

Look at these two sources about relations between the USA and Japan and answer the question that follows. Source A From a speech by Charles Lindburgh, September 1939, twelve days after Britain declared war on Germany. Lindburgh was a popular figure following his solo flight across the Atlantic. He became a leading member of the America First Committee. We must not be misguided by foreign propaganda to the effect that our frontiers lie in Europe. One need only glance at a map to see where our true frontiers lie. What more could we ask than the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west? Source B. Speech by a member of the Japanese government to leading politicians and military leaders, November 5th 1941. In the first few months of the war it is very likely that we would achieve total victory. I am convinced that we should take advantage of this opportunity. We shall use the high morale of the Japanese people and their determination to overcome the crisis facing the country, even at the risk of losing our lives. It would be better to attack now than to sit and wait while the enemy puts more and more pressure upon us. Use Sources A and B and your own knowledge to explain why relations between the USA and Japan changed in the 1930s.

C style question 6 marks Source B says..... (describe what is in the source, not forgetting to use the caption) In contrast source C says.... (explain what this source suggests. What is different between the two?) Foreign policy changed because.... (Make sure you focus on reasons for change suggested in both sources)

Source c suggests the continuation of an isolationist position and the inference that America should not want to get involved in war. Lindburgh argues that the oceans would act as barriers against American involvement in war

Source D gives a different view and suggests that the Japanese were ready to take action in order to secure victory. He asks the Japanese people to prepare themselves for an attack (war) and believes that Japan should strike before its enemy puts even more pressure on it.

In this final section you need to explain WHAT HAS CHANGED.
Relations between America and Japan deteriorated between The militaristic government was determined to develop a Japanese empire. They had invaded Indo-China and other areas of the Pacific American exports to Japan were forbidden and the sale of iron, chemicals and planes was stopped. 1941- Japan invaded the French colonies of Indo-China. AMERICA CUT OFF 90% OF ITS OIL. The Japanese and Americans tried to negotiate.

GCSE How isolationist was America in the period 1929-41? (4)
Did not join the League of Nations. Did nothing when Japan invaded Manchuria 1931 or took other parts of China 1937. Neutrality Acts 1-4 Did not join the Allies in 1939 when war was declared. However Cash and Carry in 1939 to help the Allies. Havana Act1940 Lend Lease 1941 Atlantic Charter- 1941 When Japan invaded Indo China in 1941 it cut oil supplies.

The USA contribution to Allied victory in WWII?
In Africa and the Middle East Europe The Pacific

In Africa and the Middle East
How much did the USA contribute to Allied victory in WWII? In Africa and the Middle East North Africa-El Alamein 2. Tehran Conference December 1943 –’Big Three – Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet. In Europe Eisenhower, theD-Day landings The liberation of Paris and surrender of Germany. Troops fought on Western Front Daylight bombing raids in Germany-Hamburg and Dresden

The Battle of El Alamein
In September 1940 Hitler's ally, Italy, began to invade Egypt ( British territory)- to gain more land for an Italian Empire and to try to cut off British oil supplies from the Suez Canal. The Battle of El Alamein occurred and was the first serious setback that Hitler had suffered. In February 1941 German reinforcements sent by Hitler were on the attack and 200 miles inside Egypt. Victory would have given them control of the Suez Canal and all of the Middle East. As Italian troops advanced into Egypt, the British army, led by General Wavell, pushed them back into Libya

By May 1943 the Germans had been defeated in North Africa and more than German troops surrendered. This was important because it enabled the Allies, under U.S. General Eisenhower, to land in Algeria. The USA played a decisive role in helping to push Germany out of Africa and eventually out of Italy.

The British Army recaptured Tobruk on 12th November, 1942 Winston Churchill was convinced that the battle of El Alamein marked the turning point in the war and ordered the ringing of church bells all over Britain. He later said; "Before Alamein we never had a victory, after Alamein we never had a defeat."

D-Day Landings-OPERATION OVERLORD. At 6
D-Day Landings-OPERATION OVERLORD. At 6.30 am on 6th June 1944, the landings began. The Allies landed on five beaches, each of which had a code name. The Americans called their two beaches Utah and Omaha.

The war in Europe. D Day landings 1944 America sent troops to fight on the Western Front with British and Canadian forces.

The Americans called their two beaches Utah and Omaha.
5000 Americans died on Omaha beach. The D-day landings were extremely significant because by Spring 1944 the allies were ready to attempt the battle to regain France. By 25th August 1944 Paris had been liberated and as the Allied advance continued they eventually invaded of Germany. The superiority of the Allies overwhelmed them in the end and 11 months later Germany surrendered on May

The War in the Pacific

The Japanese vision of an empire, the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere," almost achieved realization. At the height of their power (mid 1942,) Japan dominated East Asia!

American war in the Pacific
CORAL SEA –’sea’ battle (fought by planes)which would decide the control of New Guinea and Australia MIDWAY- sea battle which damaged the Japanese navy GUADALCANAL- strategically important islands (Solomon Islands)- Route to USA from Australia ISLAND HOPPING These conflicts are about taking control of the Pacific.

BATTLE OF CORAL SEA BATTLE OF MIDWAY BATTLE OF GUADAL CANAL
WHAT HAPPENED? RESULT? BATTLE OF CORAL SEA BATTLE OF MIDWAY BATTLE OF GUADAL CANAL ISLAND HOPPING- IWO JIMA AND OKINAWA

The Battle of Coral Sea

The Battle of Coral Sea took place in May 1942
The Battle of Coral Sea took place in May If the Japanese had succeeded at Coral Sea, the way would have been open for the Japanese to have captured New Guinea and leave Australia isolated from Allied help and more open to a Japanese attack. The Battle of Coral Sea was fought entirely by planes – no ship on either side made any visual contact with any enemy ship.

The Japanese lost 43 planes to the Americans 33
The Japanese lost 43 planes to the Americans 33. However, the battle is seen as an American victory simply because it stopped Japan doing what it had set out to do - capture Port Moresby and isolate Australia. In this sense, it was a strategic victory for America.

The Battle of Midway The Battle of Midway, fought in June 1942, must be considered one of the most decisive battles of World War Two. The Battle of Midway effectively destroyed Japan’s naval strength when the Americans destroyed four of its aircraft carriers and experienced sailors. Japan’s navy never recovered from its mauling at Midway and it was on the defensive after this battle.

The Japanese defeat at the Battle of Midway had forced planners in the Imperial Army to reconsider their plans of expansion and to concentrate their forces on consolidating the territory that they had captured. The victory at Midway was also a turning point for the Americans as after this battle, they could think in terms of re-capturing taken Pacific islands - the first confrontation was to be at Guadalcanal.

The Battle of Guadalcanal

Guadalcanal is part of the Solomon Islands which lie to the north-eastern approaches of Australia. Though it is a humid and jungle-covered tropical island its position made it strategically important for both sides in the Pacific War. If the Japanese captured the island, they could cut off the sea route between Australia and America. If the Americans controlled the island, they would be better able to protect Australia from Japanese invasion and they could also protect the Allied build-up in Australia that would act as a springboard for a major assault on the Japanese. Hence the importance of the island.

The American victory at Guadalcanal ensured that Australia was safe from a Japanese invasion while the sea route from Australia to America was also protected. The role played by the US 1st Marine Division and its commander, Vandegrift, have gone down in Marine Corps history.

Island hopping

There were a number of islands captured by the Allies in 'Island Hopping' which was also known as 'leapfrogging' e.g. ,, Iwo Jima and Okinawa .

Why were the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal turning points in the War in the Pacific (8 marks)
TURNING POINT QUESTIONS Turning point = The point at which a very significant change occurs; a decisive moment ;a moment when the course of events is changed The situation before.... The situation during..... (what happened) Why a turning point- why a big change?

Why were the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal turning points in the War in the Pacific (8 marks)
Turning point question A turning point is a complete change in events, or a decisive change occurs (i.e something big happens!)

To answer a turning point question you need to look at
Before the event-describe the situation During the event-what happened Why it was a decisive change. (‘After’)

Before Midway and Guadalcanal
The Battle of Midway took place in June 1942 and Guadalcanal in August. Before this point, the Japanese seemed invincible in the Pacific, as they had captured a huge amount of territory in South-East Asia including Manchuria, Indo China, Malaya and Singapore. The Allies had been unable to stop Japanese invasion which had been vital to secure Japanese supplies of oil.

During (what happened)
Midway was roughly halfway between Hawaii and Japan. The Japanese hoped that if they attacked Midway the Americans would send in their fleet and this would give the Japanese the chance to destroy the American carriers that it had failed to destroy in the Pearl Harbor attack, thus destroying American influence in the Pacific once and for all. However, the Americans held onto Midway and the Japanese lost 4 aircraft carrier and 3000 men. Because the Americans held onto Midway it meant that they used it as a base to attack Guadalcanal which was situated in the approaches to Australia. The Americans took 6 months to take the Island

Why a turning point (why such a big thing!)
They were the first Allied sea and land victories of the Pacific campaign. Midway seriously crippled the Japanese fleet and reduced the quality of its pilots Capturing Guadalcanal meant that America was able to protect Australia and use the island as a base to attack other islands (Saipan in the Marianas in July 1944). After this the Americans launched their devastating attack on Tokyo in March 1945. Guadalcanal marked the start to the strategy of island hopping by which the Americans fought its way closer and closer to Japan and helped win the war. It was from one of the islands (Tinian in the Marianas) that they recaptured that the planes set out to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki which led to the Japanese surrender in August 1945.

The Atomic Bomb By summer 1945 Japan was in retreat but kamikaze pilots and strong resistance led to high losses of American soldiers. President Truman decided to use the atomic bomb as a means of bringing the war to a quick end. On August 6 and atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A week later the Japanese government surrendered.

How did the USA justify the use of an atomic bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki? (6)
To bring the war to an end as quickly as possible because the Japanese had refused to surrender. It would save up to American lives To avoid having the Russians join the war against Japan. To avoid taking further huge casualties which would have resulted in invading Japan. Up to 1 million American lives. (they had a bomb they wanted to test!)

Describe how the US contributed to winning the Second World War. (4)
NEUTRALITY ACT 5- CASH AND CARRY Lend Lease from March 1941. . War in Europe- America sent troops to the Western Front. It carried out daylight bombing raids on Germany. In 1944 it played an important part in D Day and in the subsequent defeat of Germany in 1945. Fighting in Africa They fought in Northern Africa- El Alamein Fighting in the Pacific– America fought the Japanese in the Pacific and had recaptured all Japanese conquests by 1945-Coral sea, MIDWAY, Guadalcanal It developed the atom bomb to bring an end the war in the Pacific.

1930s 1940s Isolationism? Japan INACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY
Pre-war involvement why did the US get involved in WWII? What contribution did the USA play in WWII? (Europe, Africa, Pacific) How did it justify the use of the atomic bomb. REACTIVE FOREIGN POLICY

Why was WWII a turning point in American foreign policy?
1. Situation before 2. Situation during war 3. Why was the war such a significant event in foreign policy? What changed?

1. Situation before- Isolationist 2. Situation during war- 3. Why was the war such a significant event in foreign policy?

Situation before- Isolationist Situation during war reaction to pearl Harbor brought US into conflict- Fought in Africa, Europe and Pacific then dropped bomb. Why was the war such a significant event in foreign policy?

After- 1. Stalin had broken his promise to support Eastern European countries and instead took them over and established Communism. Stalin and the West clashed over Berlin. The Americans believed that the Russians were trying to take over the world. Some people thought after WWII the USA would return to isolationism, Stalin’s behaviour put an end to this. America would engage in policy of containment. . 2.The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the face of modern warfare and encouraged other nations to develop similar weapons as America. America had to defend itself against the growth of countries that threatened her (Russia). This would lead to the policy of containment. 3. WWII had shown America as powerful, wealthy and scientifically advanced. This reputation forced America to officially abandon an isolationist position and take a more active role in world affairs. America was particularly keen to take a stand against her old enemy-Communist Russia.

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the face of modern warfare and encouraged other nations to develop similar weapons as America. 2. America now realised it had to defend itself against the growth of countries that threatened her (Russia). This would lead to the policy of containment. 3. WWII had shown America as powerful, wealthy and scientifically advanced. This reputation forced America to officially abandon an isolationist position and take a more active role in world affairs. America was particularly keen to take a stand against her old enemy-Communist Russia.

From World War to Cold War

The USA and the Cold War 1945-1990
The Cold War is the popular term applied to the struggle between the Soviet bloc countries (Communist countries in Eastern Europe) and the Western countries (non-communist) from 1945 to 1990.

How and why was the USA involved in the Cold War?

During the Second World War the USA and USSR had united against Hitler but after the war ended the old hostility returned. In the past the two sides would have gone to war to resolve their differences but atomic weapons meant war could lead to mass destruction. SO a ‘Cold War’ took place – a war that stopped short of fighting and used propaganda. COLD WAR = A WAR OF WORDS HOT WAR= FOUGHT WAR

What caused the Cold War?
Different Ideas America believed in capitalism and the USSR in communism. America was a democracy but in the USSR people could only vote for communists. Results of the Second World War The USSR wanted to make sure that no country would threaten it in the future. Increased Tensions-The USSR had taken over the countries of Eastern Europe.

1. Different political and economic ideas.
The Americans believed in freedom and choice – democracy and capitalism. The Russians believed that being part of the greater good – the state – was more important. They believed in state control of policies and production.

2. Mutual fear The Russians believed that their system was best, but that the Americans were trying to use their wealth and power to destroy it by selling Coca Cola and Levi jeans to the Russians. The Americans believed the Russians were trying to take over the World.

3. Broken promises The Allies had agreed at Yalta and Tehran that Russia would advance on Germany from the east and Britain, France and America from the west. They would then divide Germany into 4 zones. The Russians had promised at Yalta and Tehran that they would look after the eastern European countries until free elections could be held. THEY DID NOT. THEY SET UP COMMUNIST STATES UNDER THEIR CONTROL. These became known as satellite states and included Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Hungary

. The new president HARRY TRUMAN was convinced that the Soviet Union intended to take over the whole of Europe. He was determined to stand up to the Communist leader. ON TOP OF THIS IT LOOKED AS IF THEY WERE TRYING TO SPREAD COMMUNISM INTO TURKEY AND GREECE.

US policy of containment
Domino Theory Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan/Aid NATO V Warsaw Pact

Relations deteriorate between America and Russia
The Potsdam Conference This was the second peace conference of 1945 (the 1st in Yalta in February). Stalin was already furious that the Americans had tested an atomic bomb at a desert site in the USA. Stalin wanted compensation for the dead Russians in the war but this would have crippled Germany (remember the Treaty of Versailles?)Truman refused this and also insisted on free elections in the area controlled by the Soviet troops.

At the Potsdam conference, it was agreed:
1.To divide Germany into 4 zones and four sectors of Berlin that would be administered by one of the Allies. 2.Demilitarise Germany 3.Re-establish Democracy in Germany. 4. Germany would pay reparations to the Allies in equipment and materials, most of this would go to the Soviet Union 5. The Nazi Party would be banned and the leading Nazis would be put on trial 6.Participate fully in the United Nations 7.Move Poland’s boarder

In March 1946 Churchill spoke of an Iron Curtain’ which had descended between Soviet controlled Eastern Europe and Western Europe.

From World War to Cold War America’s policy of Containment
The USA supported a policy of Containment to prevent communism spreading in a ‘domino effect’ (they believed that countries would fall to communism one by one like dominoes). Containment was the opposite of isolationism and became the cornerstone of American policy during the Cold war.

The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid 1947.
March 1947 President Truman offered help to any government threatened by ‘internal or external forces’. By doing this he hoped to stop the spread of communism. Truman said ‘I believe that we must help free peoples to work out their own destiny in their own way.’

Marshall Aid put the Truman Doctrine into practice
Marshall Aid put the Truman Doctrine into practice. Secretary of State George T Marshall offered $13 billion in aid to countries recovering from the effects of war. Stalin said it was a plot to dominate Eastern Europe and refused to let Soviet controlled countries to accept it.

What was the Iron Curtain?
After WWII, the USA followed a policy of containment. What was that? What was the domino theory? What was .. i-The Truman Doctrine ii-Marshall Aid?

Look at these two sources about American foreign policy and answer the questions that follow. Source B Source C There will be no opposition to any action which our government takes to bring about world peace as long as it does not commit 130 million American people to another world war. I fear we are again being expected to police the world and sort out Europe's problems. We do not want to get involved in Europe. [An American politician speaking in 1935] [The announcement of the Truman doctrine in 1947) (c) Use Sources B and C and your own knowledge to explain why American foreign policy had changed up to the late 1940s. [6]

Level 1 Generalised answer, paraphrases the sources, lack of focus (1-2) Level 2 Answers worth 3 marks will mostly describe Answers worth 4 marks will try to focus on the concept of change Level 3 Answers which refer to both the sources and own knowledge to explain the concept of change (5-6)

Source B says..... (Use the source)
In contrast source C says.... Foreign policy changed because.... (Isolationism to containment)

1930s states that America would make every effort to avoid conflict and involving itself in international disputes. This reflects America’s isolationist position in the 1920s and 30s. America did not want to get involved in world affairs. Source B, however, is a declaration of the Truman Doctrine. This was.....

There is a clear change in foreign policy from isolationism or inactive foreign policy to a proactive policy of containment. This was because of America’s fear of the influence of Stalin and Soviet Russia. Stalin had broken his promise to support Eastern European countries and instead took them over and established Communism. The Americans believed that the Russians were trying to take over the world. President Truman sought to prevent the spread of Communism throughout the world which meant that America had to take a proactive approach to foreign policy which is why things changed

The Berlin Crisis 1948

Crisis Berlin 1948 After the war Berlin had been split into 4 zones of occupation.
In 1946 the 3 Western zones merged. In June 1948 a new currency was introduced and Stalin was alarmed. He believed a rich Germany could be a threat so he tried to get control of West Berlin. The Soviets used their zone to help rebuild the war torn soviet economy. Life in the soviet zone was hard.

In June 1948 Soviet troops cut off all road, rail and canal links between the West and West Berlin.
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve the Western powers into giving in. Truman said ‘We are going to stay, period.’

If the Americans used their army to open the road to Berlin this would have been an act of war.
Instead a massive airlift of supplies was organised mainly by the USA. By September 1948 aircraft landed every 3 minutes and Stalin could only sit and do nothing. If the planes were shot down that would be an act of war. June 1948-May 1949 over 27,000 trips were made and 2 million tons of supplies were airlifted in. Stalin was forced to reopen supply routes in May 1949.

Result NATO and the WARSAW PACT
At the time of signing the USSR announced it had tested its first nuclear bomb. The USA no longer had the only nuclear weapons. In 1955 the USSR created the Warsaw Pact of East European communist countries. The USA joined a peacetime alliance for the first time in its history. September 1949 the V North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) was signed by America and 11 Western powers each committed to the defence of the other.

The Berlin Wall 1961

The Berlin Wall During the Cold War period of the 1950s relations between the superpowers improved slightly leaving some with a sense of optimism. 1959 Nikita Khrushchev made a visit to America A summit meeting in Paris was arranged for May 1960 between America, USSR, Britain and France. It was hoped this meeting would provide an opportunity for the powers to discuss their differences. 1959 Khrushchev met Eisenhower

U2 spy Plane 2 days before this meeting in a US U2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. It had been carrying high-tech cameras. The pilot Gary Powers was shown on Soviet television. The Americans had to admit to spying. Khrushchev said he would only attend the summit if President Eisenhower apologised. The President refused and relations took a turn for the worse. Powers on trial in the USSR

The Berlin Wall Khrushchev was determined that Berlin would never be the capital of a united Germany. August 1961 a 45 kilometre concrete wall was erected by the Soviets through Berlin to stop refugees moving to the West. Kennedy did nothing to stop the city being divided.

What was the result? Public opinion in the West was shocked by the shooting of any people trying to escape from East Berlin. Relations got worse between the Superpowers and there was an increase in weapons production. The West won the propaganda victory because the communists had to build walls to keep their people in. When Kennedy did nothing about the wall the USSR saw this as a sign of weakness. This wall became a symbol of the Cold War.

Why was Berlin important to America in the Cold War? (8)
West Berlin was the flagship for capitalism during the Cold War. When Stalin tried to starve Berliners in the west refused to back down. West Berlin was a symbol of the division between democracy and communism. Khrushchev said Berlin was the centre of spying. Those living in the East could travel freely and work in the west and vice versa until 1961. Between 1945 and 1960 over 3 million crossed to the west from the east for a better quality of life so the USA was winning the propaganda war using Berlin. The Berlin Wall became the symbol of the Cold War.

Exam question- C (6 marks)
In the exam in June 2010, you will be asked a question about why Foreign Policy changed during a particular time period

c) Question Use sources B and C and your own knowledge to explain why American foreign policy had changed up to [by] the late 1940s

The announcement of the Truman Doctrine, 1947
There will be no opposition to any action which our government takes to bring about world peace as long as it does not commit 130 million American people to another war. I fear we are again being expected to police the world and sort out Europe’s problems. We do not want to get involved in Europe. An American politician speaking in 1935 The th

Level 1 Generalised answer, paraphrases the sources, lack of focus (1-2) Level 2 Answers worth 3 marks will mostly describe Answers worth 4 marks will try to focus on the concept of change Level 3 Answers which refer to both the sources and own knowledge to explain the concept of change (5-6)

1st step- Use source B- what does it say about American Foreign Policy
Use sources B and C and your own knowledge to explain why American foreign policy had changed up to [by] the late 1940s 1st step- Use source B- what does it say about American Foreign Policy It suggests an ‘isolationist’ position Explain this position- WHY ? Why? after WWI didn’t join League of Nations, immigration, tariffs then later the Neutrality Acts. However, this was not really the case- Good Neighbour, Dawes, Young, Washington Naval etc

2nd step- Now look at C- what does it say or show about American foreign policy?
Late 1940s announcement of Truman doctrine. – explain what this is... In contrast to source B, source C suggests that ..... 3rd step WHY has the policy changed

3rd step - Explain WHY the policy changed
Why did it go from ‘isolationism in the 1930s to containments in the late 1940s? WWII USSR and Communist bloc

Why was WWII important in American foreign policy?
It brought the US out of Isolationism- explain The US helped contribute to the victory-explain They used the atomic bomb-explain The events at the end of WWII led to the Cold War- explain

1950s The Korean War Japan surrendered in 1945 and Korea a former colony was occupied in the north by Soviet forces and south by the Americans. Korea was divided along the 38 Parallel. The Soviets left a communist government under Kim Il Sung and the Americans left a ‘democratic’ government under Syngman Rhee.

Both Korean governments claimed the right to rule over the whole country and June 1950 North Korean troops backed by the Soviets invaded S Korea. Truman was afraid of the ‘domino effect’ and sent in US forces and appealed to the United Nations for backing. The UN called on North Korea to withdraw and decided to send an army. 16 countries sent troops but the Americans provided 50% of land forces, 93% air forces and 86% naval forces.

Fighting the war 1950 General MacArthur was appointed Commander in Chief by Truman. By October most of North Korea was occupied by the Americans. Mao Zedong communist ruler of China warned the USA to stay away from China’s borders. When this warning was ignored thousands of Chinese troops were sent to help the N Koreans in Nov Feb 1951 MacArthur forced out of the north. MacArthur asked for an invasion of China and advised using nuclear weapons. Truman said no and eventually MacArthur was dismissed.

The end of the war Both sides dug in along the 38 Parallel.
The war dragged on until 1953 and ended in stalemate in July 1953. The new border ran across the 38 parallel. The USA carried on helping the ‘democratic’ government of S Korea. 37-50,000 US soldiers had died.? Relations with China were damaged and remained poor until the 1970s. The war was always a limited one and never became a general war.

Why has the Korean War been called the USA’s war? (4)
America initiated a war through fear of the Domino Theory. Truman sent in troops and asked the United Nations for backing in Korea in 1950. America provided the majority of the land forces, ships and airplanes. General MacArthur an American was appointed Commander in Chief by Truman.

The North Leader: Kim Il Sung Communist Supported by Russia and then China The South Leader Syngman Rhee Capitalist/ democratic Supported by US forces and the United Nations and 16 other countries USA provided 50% of land forces 93% air forces 86% naval forces General Mc Arthur wanted to used Nuclear weapons against China.

The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962

Leader-1959 Bay of Pigs Incident- 1961 1962- U2 spy plane- implications The crisis The results

1960s The Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
1959 The corrupt Cuban leader Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro a left wing Cuban. The USA recognised his government because America had huge financial interests there. Castro began reforms which threatened American interests – he planned to nationalise American businesses and he made trade agreements with the Soviets. America began to fear the threat of a communist country just 90 miles off its mainland.

The Bay of Pigs April 1961 Action
The CIA convinced Kennedy that Castro should be overthrown. 1961 April a CIA backed force of 1400 anti-Castro exiles invaded at the Bay of Pigs. It failed- put down by 20,000 Cuban soldiers. Kennedy realised he had been badly advised. In July Castro nationalised American industries and got protection from the Soviet Union. He declared himself communist.

1962 In October US spy planes photographed Soviet missiles in place on Cuba. This put every major American city in range of nuclear attack. It seemed Khrushchev had decided to use Cuba to pressurise Kennedy into removing US missile sites from Turkey.

He needed to look strong after the Bay of Pigs.
What could Kennedy do? He needed to look strong after the Bay of Pigs. He could invade Cuba and destroy the sites. He could attack the Soviet Union - could lead to nuclear war. He could blockade Cuba using the US navy – and stop supplies. Naval Blockade

Timeline 22 October Kennedy announced the Cuban Blockade. 23 October Soviets said they were defending Cuba against US aggression. 24 October Soviet ships reached the blockade and turned back. 26 October Khrushchev sent Kennedy a letter saying he would remove the missiles if America lifted the blockade and promised not to invade Cuba. 27 October Khrushchev sent a second letter adding the condition that America remove its missiles from Turkey. Kennedy agreed to the first letter in public and to the second letter in private. 28 October Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba.

What were the results of the crisis?
Both Presidents were accused of ‘brinkmanship’ but emerged with credit. Kennedy had forced Khrushchev to back down and avoided war. USA had ‘won’. Khrushchev was praised for his sense but criticised by China for backing down. Relations between the super powers got better and a ‘hotline’ was installed in 1963 between the White House and Kremlin to improve communication. 1963 Test Ban Treaty signed outlawing nuclear testing in the atmosphere, under water or in space.

Why did the USA get involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Cuba was a communist country and the USSR was an ally of Castro and was giving Cuba help. The Cubans had nuclear weapons 90 miles off the coast of Florida. The USA wanted to make up for the failure of the Bay of Pigs 1961. Kennedy wanted to look strong after doing nothing about the Berlin Wall.

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in foreign policy?
Before During After

Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in foreign policy?
Before- Bay of pigs incident- policy of containment During- the events of the crisis After- What did it lead to? What changed in the long-term?

America realised how close to war they had come and decided it must never happen again so they tried to improve relations with USSR. They set up a hotline between the White House and the Kremlin ii)1963 Test Ban Treaty signed outlawing nuclear testing in the atmosphere, under water or in space. iii) The crisis eventually paved the way for groundbreaking talks in SALT I which aimed to reduce ICBM and anti-ballistic missiles and the Helsinki accords.

America had contained communism on its doorstep but it had come at a tremendous cost and nearly lead to war. Brinkmanship needed to be avoided. Kennedy came out of the Crisis looking strong and the Americans were able to keep the face that they removed missiles from Turkey quiet. Kennedy had forced the USSR to remove the missiles from Cuba and claimed a victory.

Who gained the most from the Cuban Missile Crisis? (4)
Kennedy came out of it a hero for avoiding nuclear war. He made the Russians remove their missiles from Cuba. Khrushchev was praised for being sensible and preventing an invasion of Cuba. America removed its missiles from Turkey. Kennedy came out looking stronger and Khrushchev was replaced as President 2 years later.

More American soldiers committed suicide after returning home from Vietnam than were killed fighting in the war.

58,000 soldiers were killed 500, 000 deserted Over 100,000 soldiers committed suicide 8% of soldiers were estimated to be smoking marijuana, 22% were on heroin, 730 officers were shot in the back or had grenades thrown at them by their own men.

Why did the USA get involved in the Vietnam war?

1954 1956 1963 1964 1965 1968-My Lai The Tet Offensive 1973 1975 1976 -

Ho Chi Minh Vietcong (aka Charlie)- Vietnamese guerrilla forces in the south who supported the NORTH VIETNAMESE Army and Ho Chi Minh (Communists) Guerrilla warfare Operation Rolling Thunder Ho Chi Minh Trail Tet Offensive

The War in Vietnam 1963?-1973 America fought a long and difficult war against communism in Vietnam but was not successful against the communist guerrilla forces.

In 1954 Communist rebels led by Ho Chi Minh drove the French out of Indo-China.
The area was divided into: Cambodia Laos North Vietnam South Vietnam. The North of Vietnam became communist under Ho Chi Minh The South was controlled by Ngo Dinh Diem.

Ho Chi Minh wanted a communist Vietnam and set out to achieve it by war.
Eisenhower and later Kennedy sent weapons and ‘advisors’ to help the South as part of their policy of containment to stop the spread of communism. They feared the domino theory. Later Johnson said war was necessary for American economic recovery. LBJ

1963 USA stepped up Involvement
In 1963 the Vietcong (communist forces) had control of 40% of the countryside of South Vietnam so Johnson increased support. In August 1964 North Vietnamese boats attacked American ships in the Gulf of Tonkin. 1965 Johnson launched Operation Rolling Thunder a massive bombing offensive against North Vietnam and sent in 180,000 combat troops as a quick way of defeating the Vietcong.

By 1968 over 540,000 American soldiers were fighting in Vietnam.
The Chinese and Soviets sent weapons and supplies to the Vietcong and thousands of communist soldiers came along the supply line called the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

Guerrilla warfare- used by weak forces against militarily strong forces
1- to avoid military confrontation but to keep the enemy under pressure. 2- small skirmishes 3- Use land, mountains and jungle

US tactics Vietnamese tactics
Napalm Agent orange Operation Rolling Thunder Search and destroy interrogation Guerrilla tactics Booby traps Bouncing betty Tin can traps Fuel tank trap Vietcong tunnels HO CHI MINH TRAIL

US Tactics They fought a high tech war using B52 bombers, helicopters and rocket launchers. Chemicals like Agent Orange and Blue – a defoliant to stop the Vietcong hiding in the jungle. Napalm – a type of burning jelly which sticks to the skin to flush out ‘Charlie’ as the Americans called the Vietcong.

Vietcong in tunnels Vietcong Tactics
They fought a guerrilla war- use the environment, avoid full scale confrontation but use constant skirmishes They dug 48,000 miles of tunnels (with kitchens , weapons stores, hospitals etc) They carried out surprise attacks and disappeared into the jungle. They merged with civilians easily so they were hard for US troops to identify. They were resilient in spite of heavy losses. Punji traps- a deep covered hole in ground with upturned bamboo or metal points covered in poison or human excrement Bouncing Betty- mine just under the surface, exploded when trodden on. Tin can trap- grenade pin removed and put in a can- detonated when the wire it tripped over Fuel tank trap- rubber band put over grenade and put in fuel tank. When the rubber perished the grenade would blow up Vietcong in tunnels

Vietcong Tactics They fought a guerrilla war- use the environment, avoid full scale confrontation but use constant skirmishes They dug 48,000 miles of tunnels (with kitchens , weapons stores, hospitals etc) They carried out surprise attacks and disappeared into the jungle. They merged with civilians easily so they were hard for US troops to identify. They were resilient in spite of heavy losses.

Punji traps- a deep covered hole in ground with upturned bamboo or metal points covered in poison or human excrement Bouncing Betty- mine just under the surface, exploded when trodden on. Tin can trap- grenade pin removed and put in a can- detonated when the wire it tripped over Fuel tank trap- rubber band put over grenade and put in fuel tank. When the rubber perished the grenade would blow up

Ho chi Minh Trail The North Vietnamese used the Ho Chi Minh trail to send guerrillas, weapons, equipment and food to the Vietcong in the south. The km route wound its way across forests, valleys, hills, rivers and roads. It was much more that one single routeway.

The Tet Offensive January 1968
The Vietcong carried out the Tet Offensive during the Tet religious festival. South Vietnam towns, US bases and the US embassy Saigon were attacked. The Vietcong were driven back with 50,000 dead and although they lost the battle they won a propaganda victory.

Opposition to the War The war was televised and millions saw its horrific results from their homes. 1969 CBS showed shocking images of the massacre of 504 men, women and children by troops at My Lai in 1968. This widened the divide between Americans who supported the war and those who did not. Lieutenant William Calley who led the attack was sentenced to life but served 3 days of the sentence.

An Anti War protest movement gained support – Martin Luther King Muhammed Ali and Jane Fonda spoke out. Students protested in Kent State university (4 shot) Protests took place all over the USA – young men burned their ‘draft’ cards. Johnson had to put up with chants of ‘ Hey, hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?’ He did not seek re-election in 1969 Nixon became President.

Nixon’s Vietnamisation and ‘giving the war back’
In 1975 the war started again and America sent supplies but no troops. 1976 Ho Chi Minh succeeded in uniting Vietnam as a single communist country. Cambodia and Laos became communist and the policy of containment failed. 58,000 US soldiers died. 900,000 North Vietnamese died. The American public were more reluctant to be part of the war so Nixon’s solution was to strengthen the South Vietnamese army so it would be strong enough to defend the country itself, giving him an excuse to withdraw US troops. As the process of Vietnamisation began peace talks were held to try to end the war. 1973 a ceasefire had been agreed and by the end of the year American troops had left.

Why did the USA get involved in the Vietnam War?
The weak government in S Vietnam was on the verge of collapse by 1965 so the USA intervened to stop communism spreading. America believed in the Domino theory that if one country went communist then all the others around it would follow. American was following a policy of containment to stop the spread of communism. Later Johnson said the war was necessary for economic recovery in the USA.

Why did the USA ‘lose’ the war in Vietnam?

Why was Vietnam so important to US foreign policy? (8)
Unlike Korea, this was America's war. They were prepared to go to war alone against the Vietnamese. America's belief in the Domino Theory meant that they were determined to stop Communism from spreading. America felt it had the military strength, the power of the nuclear bomb and the justification to stop communism from spreading. This was their mission! Events like the Cuban Missile Crisis, gave many Americans the impression that Communism was really taking a hold on the world. America had to stop it. In the longer term Many Americans lost their belief in their country. The war led to a loss of American reputation around the world. Nixon announced the end of the Truman Doctrine – containment had not worked. The Americans made an effort to relax tension with communist powers – USSR and China.

Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?
The Americans were defeated for 6 reasons: The Vietcong treated the South Vietnamese well and got their support. The US bombings killed many civilians and made North Vietnam determined to win. The Vietcong were skilled guerrilla soldiers and the Americans had no response. American troops were not used to fighting in the jungle. The North Vietnamese had support from China and the USSR. Americans at home turned against the war. (televised war allowed people at home to watch it)

What impact did the Vietnam War have upon the USA and Vietnam?
The most significant protests came at Kent State University in Ohio. Protest against the war led to the death of four students were shot. Protests struck across the whole of American society. Concerts like Woodstock, where 400,000 "hippies" attended were further examples of the growing anger of many towards the policies in Vietnam The war had a great impact upon American politics. It led to a significant decline in the popularity of the Democratic president L.B.Johnson. After Tet his popularity went down from 48 to 36%. As a result of this he decided not to stand for nomination. The election deeply divided society between those who wanted to continue and increase involvement in the war against those who wanted American withdrawal. This was more so in the Democratic Party Convention. Known as 20,000 National Guards greeted the "Battle of Chicago" over 12,000 protestors. The event was to help the Democrats lose the election with Republican Party under Nixon winning. Nixon began the process of Vietnamization, which was the gradual removal of US troops from Vietnam. Again, however, protestors inside the US believed that this was too slow. Further violence e.g. Kent State University convinced him to speed up the process. .Over 2.5 million Vietnamese soldiers and civilians were killed by the war. 1.5 million were injured Villages were often destroyed or terrorised by both the Vietcong or the US A million tons of bombs were dropped on the Vietnamese and the dropping of Agent Orange and Blue has resulted in thousands of deformed babies. In 1976 South Vietnam was re-united with North Vietnam. Today the country remains united but very poor.

Why was Vietnam so important in American Foreign Policy
Unlike Korea, this was America's war. They were prepared to go to war alone against the Vietnamese. America's belief in the Domino Theory meant that they were determined to stop Communism from spreading. America felt it had the military strength, the power of the nuclear bomb and the justification to stop communism from spreading. This was their mission! Events like the Cuban Missile Crisis, gave many Americans the impression that Communism was really taking a hold on the world. America had to stop it. However………………!!! When the American's left Vietnam, Vietnam did fall to communism. However, other countries did not. This proved that the Domino Theory was, in fact, wrong! This was the first occasion that the American public turned against its country's ambitions. US society became deeply divided by the war they eventually lost (although they would claim they withdrew!) This would have long lasting, psychological effects on future involvement in wars. Was it really worth it if the Domino Theory was wrong? The war left America wondering what her role in world affairs was. The USA for the next fifteen years became very reluctant to send in her troops into another country to try to sort out their troubles.

1930S INACTIVE Foreign Policy ISOLATIONISM Yes- Neutrality Acts 1-4 No- Good Neighbour, Montevideo Conference Act of Havana Atlantic Charter Neutrality 5- Cash and Carry 1940s REACTIVE Foreign Policy Reaction to PEARL HARBOR AMERICA’S CONTRIBUTION TO WWII Lend Lease WAR in EUROPE<-AFRICA, PACIFIC, ATOMIC BOMB PROACTIVE Foreign Policy CONTAINMENT- DOMINO THEORY Truman Doctine, Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade and Wall KOREA, VIETNAM, CUBA 1970s DETENTE IMPROVING RELATIONS WITH USSR AND CHINA CHINA- Pingpong, visit USSR- SALT I , Helsinki, SPACE , RETURN TO COLD WAR IMPROVEMENT REAGAN AND STAR WARS GORBACHEV SDI-STAR WARS & NEUTRON BOMB 1990s WHAT ROLE NOW? RISE OF RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM? IN SEARCH OF PEACE? IRAN, IRAQ IRELAND, MIDDLE EAST

1970s How did the Cold War relationships change? Détente
What was detente?

Détente means relaxation of tension
Détente means relaxation of tension. This word has been used to describe periods of ‘thaw’ in cold War relations. It applies between 1971 when the Soviets and Americans held a series of summit meetings and 1979 when the soviets invaded Afghanistan. Nixon was anti-communist but he wanted friendly relations with China and the Soviets. Later Presidents Ford and Carter followed this policy.

Communism could not be contained by force alone.
Why did the Superpowers want Détente? Communism could not be contained by force alone. The arms race was expensive and dangerous. Nixon wanted to go down in History as a peacemaker. Both the USA and USSR had economic problems and hoped détente would help.

Improvements in Relations during Detente (2 pages)
CHINA USSR PING-PONG DIPLOMACY The Strategic Arms limitation Talks (SALT) NIXON VISITS CHINA 1972 The Helsinki Accords 1975 CHINA JOINS THE UNITED NATIONS Apollo Soyouz mission of 1975 (SALT II was never agreed by the American Senate because the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.)

Nixon and China Both America and China distrusted the Soviets so tried to improve relations with each other. the USA agreed that China should take its seat in the United Nations. 3.Sporting links meant the USA table tennis team played matches in Peking giving rise to ‘ping pong diplomacy’. Nixon visited China.

Describe President Nixon’s policy to China. (4)
Nixon wanted to cut spending on arms. Nixon wanted friendly relations with China because they were both suspicious of the USSR. Nixon got the Chinese a seat in the United Nations. The American and Chinese table tennis teams played matches in Peking. Nixon visited China in 1972 on a ‘journey for peace’ to create friendly relations. China could pose a threat to Asia and Nixon wanted to stop China expanding

Détente with the USSR (SALT I, HELSINKI ACCORDS & SALTII –never finally agreed )

1972 Nixon flew to Moscow. This was a landmark in Russo-American relations.
The Strategic Arms limitation Talks (SALT) started in 1969 leading to the SALT I agreement which ran for 5 years:- The number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and anti-ballistic missiles were limited. Agreements were made not to test intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched missiles. Brezhnev and Nixon 1972

The Helsinki Accords 1975 In 1975, 35 countries including the USA and USSR signed an agreement which has been seen as the high point of détente and a commitment to improve relations. The USA recognised the current borders of Europe. The Declaration of Human Rights was a promise by all countries to respect basic human rights of speech, religion and movement. President Ford signing the Accords after meeting Brezhnev.

Apollo Soyouz mission of 1975 which marked the beginning of superpower co-operation in space.

(c) Use sources B and C and your own knowledge to explain why American attitude towards the USSR changed.

1st step- Use source B- what does it say about American attitude towards the USSR
What is Kennedy saying about Russia? How will the USA respond to Russian action? Explain this position- WHY did Kennedy say this? Discovery of missiles on Cuba Communist country 90miles away Threatened security of America (America conscious that they had missiles in Turkey)

2nd step- Now look at C- what does it say or show about American attitudes towards Russia?
SALT I talks -explain what these were... In contrast to source B, source C suggests that ..... 3rd step WHY has the policy changed

3rd step - Explain WHY the policy changed
Why did it go from ‘declaring war on USSR’ if necessary to peace talks and reducing Arms? Brinkmanship in CMC nearly led to nuclear war Communism could not be contained by force alone. The arms race was expensive and dangerous. Nixon wanted to go down in History as a peacemaker. Both the USA and USSR had economic problems and hope détente would help.

The Impact of the War in Afghanistan 1979
President Carter tried to get further agreements on arms limitation through SALT II talks. The Soviet leader Brezhnev and Carter signed this agreement to get rid of nuclear weapons completely. SALT II was never agreed by the American Senate because the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Result Diplomatic links were broken. 1980 the American Olympic team withdrew from the Moscow Games. SALT II signed by President Carter and Brezhnev

The emergence of Islamic fundamentalism in Iran
In 1979 America’s closest ally the Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was forced to abdicate. This unsettled the whole region The USA had vital oil interests in the Gulf area and especially Iran. The period saw a growth in religious fundamentalism which demanded an end to American oil interests. Iran was now controlled by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini who denounced the USA as the ‘Great Satan’ and announced he wished to destroy all Western influence in his Islamic republic.

The emergence of Islamic fundamentalism in Iran-
Nov US Embassy hostage crisis

The emergence of Islamic fundamentalism in Iran
In 1979 America’s closest ally the Shah of Iran Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was forced to abdicate. This unsettled the whole region The USA had vital oil interests in the Gulf area and especially Iran. The period saw a growth in religious fundamentalism which demanded an end to American oil interests. Nov Americans were taken hostage after the US Embassy in Tehran was taken over by militant students. 52 Americans were released having spent 444 days in captivity.

Nov Americans were taken hostage after the US Embassy in Tehran was taken over by militant students. Khomeini demanded the extradition of the Shah who was in New York receiving treatment in return for the hostages The USA refused to hand the Shah over and suspended Iranian oil imports. Carter threatened military action. Khomeini refused to budge and threatened to try the hostages on a charge of spying. US rescue mission went wrong when a helicopter crashed. Negotiations for the release of the hostages resumed after the death of the Shah in July Americans were released having spent 444 days in captivity.

1980s- The Second Cold War

1980s 1981 Reagan replaced Carter and America returned to its anti-Soviet foreign policy.
Reagan had increased the defence budget. The USA developed the neutron bomb which could kill people without damaging property. 1983 US scientists began to work on the Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or Star Wars a giant shield in space which would use lasers to shoot down enemy missiles. He wanted to undermine the USSR.

1980s- the Second Cold War Ronald Reagan Neutron bomb
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or Star Wars

The USSR Gorbachev followed policies of perestroika (restructuring) and of glasnost (openness). Reagan and Gorbachev had a series of meeting in 1985 in Geneva and 1986 in Iceland. The Afghan war had cost the USSR a huge amount of money because a brief war had turned into their equivalent of Vietnam. 1985 Gorbachev became the new leader and he realised big changes were needed. The USSR could not afford to spend money on defence

Russian President -Gorbachev
Impact of Afghanistan- cost Finanacial cost of the Cold war and arms race Perestroika (restructuring) and of glasnost In 1987 INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Force) Treaty was signed.

In 1985 Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva
In 1985 Reagan and Gorbachev met in Geneva. In 1987 INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Force) Treaty was signed. This was a turning point in the arms race when both leaders agreed to destroy medium and short range weapons in Europe within 3 years.

The End of the Cold War Berlin Wall came down in November 1989 Gorbachev’s policies led to the Soviet grip on Eastern Europe loosening. 1989 leaders of communist controlled Eastern Europe were told Soviet troops would no longer be able to defend them – the Soviet Union was removing its control. 1990 East and West Germany were united and in 1991 the USSR split into republics. The Cold War had ended in 1993 when Bush and Yeltsin signed the Start 2 Disarmament treaty.

Foreign Policy after the Cold War
America's Purpose? Foreign Policy after the Cold War In the 1990s the problems facing America involved her will and capacity to use her power effectively to maintain a stable and secure world order which in turn was conducive to American interests and ideals. (world police again?)

1. Threats to International peace and order
The (Persian) Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991) and the Second Gulf War, were fought against Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. Known as Desert Storm for the military response, it was a conflict, which was initiated with United Nations authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq with the expressed purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexation on 2 August 1990.

The great majority of the military forces in the coalition were from the United States, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom and Egypt as leading contributors, in that order. Around US$40 billion of the US$60 billion cost was paid by Saudi Arabia. Throughout much of the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet Union, and there was a history of friction between it and the United States.

The Search for Peace- i) America and Northern Ireland
The Search for Peace- ii) America and the Israel and Palestinian conflict

In what ways did the US role in foreign affairs change 1929-1990? (10)
Was US influence in world affairs always one of powerful leadership through the period ? (10) How did the USA develop its role as a world power ? (10)

What was détente? (2) Détente means relaxation of tension. This word has been used to describe periods of ‘thaw’ in cold War relations. It applies between when the Soviets and Americans held a series meetings Nixon was anti-communist but he wanted friendly relations with China and the Soviets. Later Presidents Ford and Carter followed this policy.

Describe what happened at Pearl Harbour in 1941. (4)
A surprise attack was launched on the American Naval base in Hawaii on the 7th Dec 1941 8 battleships were sunk, 10 other craft were destroyed, 188 planes destroyed, 159 damaged and 2400 died The Japanese missed 3 American aircraft carriers which were out on exercises and huge oil stores As a result the USA declared war on Japan

Explain why the USA became involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis. (6)
Cuba was a communist country and the USSR was an ally of Castro and was giving Cuba help. America was anti-Communist, believed in the Domino theory and the policy of containment originally set out by Truman. The Cubans had nuclear weapons 90 miles off the coast of Florida. The USA wanted to make up for the failure of the Bay of Pigs 1961. Kennedy wanted to look strong after doing nothing about the Berlin Wall.

Why was Berlin an important city to the USA during the Cold War?
West Berlin was the flagship for capitalism during the Cold War. When Stalin tried to starve Berliners in the west refused to back down. West Berlin was a symbol of the division between democracy and communism. Khrushchev said Berlin was the centre of spying. Those living in the East could travel freely and work in the west and vice versa until 1961. Between 1945 and 1960 over 3 million crossed to the west from the east for a better quality of life so the USA was winning the propaganda war using Berlin. The Berlin Wall became the symbol of the Cold War.

Was US influence in world affairs always one of powerful leadership throughout the period 1929-1990?
1920s/30- isolationism 1940s- prewar- WWII- Truman Doctine, Marshal Aid, Berlin Air lift 1950s- Korea 1960s- Berlin Wall, Cuban Missile crisis, Vietnam 1970/80s- detente

1930s- Isolationism- Inactive Foreign Policy 1940s- Reactive Foreign policy (WWII) Why did Foreign Policy change? Attack on Pearl Harbor and America involvement in WWII

1940s- Reactive Foreign Policy 1947-1970 –Proactive Foreign Policy
The Policy of Containment (domino Theory/ Truman Doctine and Marshall Aid) Why does US policy change Threat of communism American belief in the Domino Theory The Rise of Stalin and his attempt to force Communism on Eastern Europe.

1947-1970- Policy of containment
1970- detente Why the change? Fear of Nuclear bombs cost of the arms race attitude of the presidents

Late 1970s/80s- Second Cold War
1970 Detente Late 1970s/80s- Second Cold War Why the change? The USSR invade Afghanistan Attitude of Reagan- increased expenditure on arms

Why did American foreign policy change?
1980s –second Cold War 1989- End of Communism Why did American foreign policy change? End of communism Communism could not be contained Arms race was too expensive Afghan war was too expensive Russian President GorbachevGorbachev followed policies of perestroika (restructuring) and of glasnost (openness). Rise of extremism- change of focus.

EXAM 2- June 2013 OUTLINE PAPER

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