1. Carbon Compounds Chapter 2 Section 3 Part 1

2. Objectives  Describe the unique qualities of carbon  Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules

3. Important Vocabulary  Monomer  Polymer  Carbohydrate  Monosaccharide  Lipid  Nucleic acid  Nucleotide  Protein  Amino acid

4. What is Biochemistry?  It is the study of the chemical _________ that occur in ________________

5. Carbon Compounds  All living things are mainly made up of carbon  Carbon is a very versatile element  Compounds that are mostly carbon are called organic compounds  Compounds that don’t contain carbon are called inorganic compounds

6. Important Facts About Carbon  Has 4 valence electrons  Forms 4 covalent bonds  Readily combines with itself and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen  Forms different arrangements with itself such as chains, branches and rings  Can share 1, 2 or 3 electrons

7. Carbon Structures with Single Bonds

8. Carbon Structures with Double & Triple Bonds

9. Macromolecules  Are really large organic compounds found in living cells  Most macromolecules are made in a process known as polymerization, in which smaller units called monomers are join together to form polymers  Monomers are the building blocks of large carbon compounds  Like blocks, monomers can be “stacked” together to make larger structures  Polymers are a chains of monomers  Macromolecules are sorted into groups based on their chemical compositions

10. Condensation Reactions  Put monomers together to make polymers by releasing water and forming bonds between the monomers

11. Hydrolysis Reactions  Take polymers apart by adding water to break bonds between the monomers  This reaction is the reverse of a condensation reaction

12. 4 Main Classes of Organic Compounds  Carbohydrates  Proteins  Lipids  Nucleic Acids

13. Carbohydrates  Are compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1  They are used as a source of energy and structural materials  3 types of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

14. Monosaccharides  A monomer of a carbohydrate  A simple sugar  Its general formula is (CH 2 O) n  ( n is a number from 3 to 8)  Most common monosaccharides include:  glucose, fructose, & galactose

15. Disaccharides  A double sugar  2 monosaccharides together  Monomers of disaccharides are monosaccharides  For example:  Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose

16. Polysaccharides  3 or more monosaccharides together  Complex sugar  Ex. Glycogen: stored energy molecule for animals  Ex. Starch & Cellulose: stored energy molecules for plants

17. Lipids  Are large, non-polar organic molecules  They do not dissolve in water  Include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments  Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates  They store more energy

18. Fatty Acids  Are unbranched carbon chains  Main component of lipids  They have a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end  4 types of fatty acids:  Triglycerides  Phospholipids  Waxes  Steroids Saturated fat Hydrophobic end Hydrophilic end Unsaturated fat

19. Triglycerides  Are composed of 3 fatty acid chains connected to 1 molecule of glycerol  Saturated triglycerides are made of saturated fatty acids, have high melting points and are hard at room temp.  Ex. Butter, fat in red meat  Unsaturated triglycerides are made of unsaturated fatty acids and are soft or liquids at room temp.  Ex. Found in plant seeds

20. Triglycerides

21. Phospholipids  Have 2 fatty acid chains attached to a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group attached to that  Our cell membranes are made of 2 layers of phospholipids, known as the lipid bilayer

22. Phospholipid Bilayer

23. Wax  Is a type of structural lipid composed of 1 long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain  Wax is waterproof  It is used as a protective outer-coating for both plants and animals

24. Steroids  Are composed of 4 fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them  Ex. Animal hormones & Cholesterol