1. COUGH Take a deep breath Close glottis Air forced upward Pushes against glottis forcing air through Triggered by a reflex

2. SNEEZE Like a cough Clears upper respiratory organs; rather than lower organs Stimulated by an irritant in the nasal lining Can propel a particle 200 miles per hour!

3. LAUGHING Taking breaths & releasing them in short expirations

4. CRYING Action similar to laughing Facial expressions and emotion distinguish the difference!

5. HICCUPS Sudden inspiration due to spasm of diaphragm Air strikes the vocal cords while glottis is closed…creates the “Hiccup” sound

6. YAWN Low blood oxygen in the lungs triggers yawning Therefore, not all the alveoli are vented This prompts deep breath (in order to vent more alveoli

7. The Respiratory Center Groups of neurons in brain stem that control inhalation & exhalation RHYTHMICITY AREA OF MEDULLA normal & forceful breathing PNEUMOTAXIC AREA OF PONS control breathing rate

8. Factors that affect breathing: Chemicals in body fluids (CO 2, H+, blood O 2 ) Degree to which lung tissue can stretch (inflation reflex: regulate depth of breathing; prevents over-inflation of lungs) Emotional state (fear, pain) can cause HYPERVENTILATION: abnormally deep & rapid breathing (lowers CO 2 levels)

9. GAS EXHANGE Occurs in alveoli DIFFUSION through capillaries If all capillaries in alveoli were stretched out they would stretch about 620 miles!

10. GAS TRANSPORT Oxygen combines to HEMOGLOBIN (the iron portion) & is carried through blood Less than 2% O 2 is dissolved in plasma

11. GAS EXCHANGE, con’t 70% CO 2 is transported by the bicarbonate ion (HCO 3 ) 23% CO 2 combines to the protein portion of hemoglobin 7% CO2 is dissolve in plasma