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Physiology of the Respiratory System

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Presentation on theme: "Physiology of the Respiratory System"— Presentation transcript:

1 Physiology of the Respiratory System

2 Pulmonary Ventilation
Breathing, 2 phases Inspiration: air moves into the lungs Expiration: air moves out of the lungs Gas moves down a pressure gradient Air in the atmosphere exerts pressure of 760 mm Hg

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4 Inspiration Diaphragm contracts, it flattens, which makes thoracic cavity longer Intercostals muscles contract, elevated sternum & ribs, which enlarges thoracic cavity Lungs pulled out because of cohesion of the pleura Air pressure in alveoli & tubes decrease & air moves into lungs

5 Elastic recoil Tendency of the thorax & lungs to return to their preinspiration volume

6 Expiration Inspiratory muscles relax, decreasing size of thorax
Alveolar pressure increases thus positive pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere & expiration occurs

7 Pulmonary Volumes Tidal volume= volume of air exhaled after a typical inspiration; normal TV=500 ml Expiratory reserve volume= largest additional volume that can be forcibly expired after expiring tidal air; normal ERV= ml Inspiratory reserve volume= amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above normal inspiration; normal IRV=3300 ml Residual volume= air that can not be forcibly expired but is trapped in alveoli, RV=1200 ml

8 Vital capacity Largest volume of air that an individual can move in and out of the lungs VC=IRV=TV=ERV

9 Alveolar Ventilation Volume of inspired air that actually reaches the alveoli Part of air inspired fills our air passageways, this is the anatomical dead space Anatomical dead space is approximately 30% of TV, thus alveolar ventilation is 70 % of TV

10 Pulmonary Gas Exchange
A gas diffuse “down” its pressure gradient Concentration of O2 in air is about 21% thus the partial pressure of O2 is about 160 mmHg 21% x 760 mm Hg = 160 mm Hg

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12 Amount of Oxygen that diffuses into blood depends on:
Oxygen pressure gradient Total functional surface area of alveolus Respiratory minute volume Alveolar ventilation

13 Hemoglobin 4 polypeptide chains (2 alpha & 2 beta) each with an iron containing heme molecule Oxygen can bind to iron in heme group CO2 can bind to amino acids in chain

14 Transport of Oxygen Oxygen travels in two forms in blood:
Dissolved in plasma Associated with hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (most) Increasing PO2 in blood accelerates hemoglobin association with O2

15 Transport of Carbon Dioxide
Dissolved carbon dioxide (10%) Bound to amine (NH2) groups of amino acids to form carbaminohemoglobin (20%) In the form of bicarbonate ions (more than 2/3) CO2 + H20 H2CO3  H + HCO3 Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

16 Carbon Dioxide and pH Increasing carbon dioxide content of blood increases H ion concentration thus increases the acidity and decrease the pH

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18 Respiratory Control Centers
Main integrators that control nerves that affect inspiratory & expiratory muscles are located in brainstem Medullary rhythmicity center generates basic rhythm of respiratory cycle Can be altered by input inputs from: Apneustic center in pons stimulates to increase length and depth of respiration Pneumotaxic center in pons inhibits apneustic center to prevent overinflation of the lungs

19 Factors that influence breathing
PCO2 acts on chemoreceptors in medulla: Increasing PCO2 increases RR Decreasing PCO2 decreases RR Decrease in blood pH stimulates chemoreceptors in carotid & aortic bodies Arterial blood PO2 has little influence if it stays above a certain level Decrease in PO2 below 70 mmHg increases RR

20 Arterial blood pressure & breathing
Sudden rise in blood pressure results in reflex slowing of respirations

21 Hering-Breuer reflexes
Help control respiratory depth & volume of tidal air

22 Miscellaneous factors
Sudden painful stimulations produces reflex apnea (no respirations) but continued painful stimulus cause faster & deeper respirations Sudden cold stimuli on skin causes reflex apnea Stimulation of pharynx or larynx by irritating chemicals or touch causes temporary apnea-choking reflex


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