1. Chapter 7-4 Cell Structure and Function Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles

2. Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is... made of MOLECULES _______  ___________  ___________ ATOMS MOLECULESORGANELLES

3. 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells CELL THEORY CELL SIZE ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________ Cells life existing PLANTANIMAL BACTERIA

4. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS Cells __________ a _____________ OR ORGANELLES surrounded by _______________ = ________________ WITHOUT NUCLEUS MEMBRANES Cells __________ a NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES surrounded by MEMBRANES = _________________ WITH PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html Bacterial Cell

5. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

6. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  (likes water) HYDROPHOBIC  (hates/fears water) Image by Riedell

7. Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

8. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Scroll down to animation

9. CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

10. Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

11. TRANSPORT PROTEINS help move substances across the cell membrane Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif

12. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell Selectively permeable – only certain things can enter or leave the cell Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

13. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to see Fluidity Animation Fluidity Animation

14. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm Organelles suspended in gel-like goo

15. HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ Membranes are _________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out ___________ what enters & leaves cell Helps with _________________ (keeping cell internally balanced) __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane phospholipids proteins BILAYER out in SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE cytoplasm CONTROLS FUNCTION: HOMEOSTASIS

16. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

17. NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

18. NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

19. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

20. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

21. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ Makes RNA for ribosomes Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg NUCLEOLUS

22. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________  ___________ CENTER OF CELL  Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out  CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)  Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells. ENVELOPE PORES CONTROL DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES CHROMATIN DOUBLE

23. CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to guide chromosomes apart

24. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

25. CENTRIOLES MICROTUBULES ANIMAL Made of __________________________ Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Function:__________________________________ guide chromosomes apart;

26. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

27. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe Has its own DNA

28. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

29. WHAT DOES IT DO? Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP “Powerplant of cell” Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Image by: Riedell

30. MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______ DOUBLE DNA Power plant GLUCOSE ATP

31. RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg  Image by: RIedell

32. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

33. RIBOSOMES Can be __________________ or __________ to Rough ER MADE OF ______________ & ________ FUNCTION: _____________________ FREE in cytoplasm ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS

34. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Network of hollow membrane tubules Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

35. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html

36. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

37. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG

38. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

39. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) Internal Network of ___________________ Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi for export Smooth ER: Makes membrane lipids (__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver PROTEINS STEROIDS CALCIUM TOXINS MEMBRANES

40. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

41. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html

42. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for ______________ or _______________ out of cell stack of pancakes membranes export storage

43. It’s ALL connected!ALL connected

44. LYSOSOMES Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

45. LYSOSOMES Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html See lysosomes in actionin action:

46. LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html See LYSOSOME MOVIE

47. LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________ Digestive enzymes food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;

48. CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

49. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

50. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELLULOSE http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg

51. CELL WALL Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ instead. Cell membrane SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE PEPTIDOGLYCAN

52. VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif

53. VACUOLES Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg

54. Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) 1 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

55. VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ Proteins, carbohydrates, water, waste Huge in __________cells, small in _____________ cells, Not in _________________ plant animal bacteria

56. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif

57. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Contains own DNA http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis

58. CHLOROPLAST Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS PHOTOSYNTHESIS DOUBLE DNA THYLAKOIDS PLANT

59. Go to Section: Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

60. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

61. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg PEPTIDOGLYCAN

62. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cell bacteria

63. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLBACTERIA Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wallCell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuolesReally big vacuoleNO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centriolesNO centrioles NO chloroplastsChloroplastsNO chloroplasts SMALLERSMALLSMALLEST

64. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes

65. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON

66. Prokaryotes Cell wall (peptidoglycan ) Cell membrane Contain DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes Centrioles Chlorplasts Cell wall (cellulose) Eukaryotes Nucleus ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton

67. This PowerPoint and the worksheet that accompanies it was created by http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/CellS tructure.htm#PRENTICE HALL/SCILINKS