1. Sectional Conflict Intensifies (1848- 1860) 10 Events Leading to the Civil War Chapter 10

2. Slavery and the Westward Expansion Section 1

3. 1. Popular Sovereignty Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan proposed the idea of popular sovereignty – allow the people in the territory/state to decide if it would be free or slave – Many people felt this would be a democratic way of deciding on the issue Abolitionists will argue that it denied African Americans their right to be free – choice.

4. 2. Compromise of 1850 Discovery of gold in CA – Settlers called 49ners – CA applied for statehood (skipped territorial status because of the number of settlers in CA) – CA wanted to be a free state, but it would make the South a minority in the Senate & feared slavery & states’ rights would be limited. Southern response to the possible upset of the balance of power = Secession – Withdrawing from the Union – Considered an act of treason

5. 2. Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay = “Great Compromiser” – Solved the MO issue; proposed 8 resolutions to solve the new crisis—the expansion of slavery – He needed support of John C. Calhoun – Calhoun believed the Northern hatred of slavery threatened to destroy the South – South needed to defend 2 rights: (1) return of fugitive slaves, (2) guarantee balance of power – Honorable solution = secession

6. 2. Compromise of 1850 President Taylor – unsupportive of the compromise resolutions of Clay – Taylor dies, Fillmore takes over – he is supportive of the resolutions Senator Stephen Douglas from Illinois takes on the fight of the aging Clay & divides the resolutions into smaller parts so they are passed Compromise of 1850 will temporarily quell the increasing tensions

7. Mounting Violence Section 2

8. 3. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Published in 1852; written by Harriet Beecher Stowe – Sold 300,000 copies – Uncle Tom = runaway slave; Simon Legree = slaveholder – The book will change the North’s view of African Americans and slavery Book persuaded those not moved by rational arguments Book was banned in the South – Stowe accused of writing falsehoods & distortions

9. 4. Fugitive Slave Act Sworn statement of a white person needed to take the “runaway” back to the South African Americans did not have the right to a trial or to testify in court Commissioners - awarded $10.00 for siding with the slave holder & $5.00 if the African America was free Federal marshals could deputize citizens & force them to look for escaped slaves – Northerners refused to help, but were threatened to be sent to jail

10. 5. Underground Railroad & Harriet Tubman Fugitive Slave Act punished those who helped runaway slaves by fining them $$, but Northerners & African Americans still operated the Underground Railroad – Informal but organized – Members called conductors & gave runaway slaves food, shelter, and money to start a new life in the North – Harriet Tubman, most famous conductor – The RR will deepen the South’s mistrust of the North

11. Crisis Deepens Section 3

12. 6. Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas & Nebraska – first experiment with popular sovereignty Nebraska is one large territory & Stephen Douglas wanted to organize it. – In order for popular sovereignty to work, the Missouri Compromise would need to be repealed so that Nebraska could be a slave state. – Douglas knew if a repeal was made, it would divide the country, but he still wanted to open the Nebraska Territory.

13. 6. Kansas-Nebraska Act Douglas misjudged the anti-slavery feelings in the North Proposed to divide the territory into 2 territories – North – Nebraska – Free (in theory) – South – Kansas – Slave (in theory) Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in May 1856 – Kansas – fighting for the extension of slavery – “Bleeding Kansas” – min-Civil War Pro & Anti Slavery; temporary settlers to vote 200 died, $2 million of property destroyed

14. 7. Dred Scott Decision President James Buchannan takes office in 1857 – Suggests that Supreme Court should decide on the issue of slavery in the territories South thought it would favor slavery – majority of justices from South Dred Scott v. Sandford Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri – his master took him to a free state & abolitionists argued he should sue for his freedom – Case went to the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Rodger B. Taney presided

15. 7. Dred Scott Decision The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens & did not have the right to sue in court Supreme Court ruled that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in the territories – Supported by the South, condemned by the North

16. The Union Dissolves Section 4

17. 8. John Brown’s Raid John Brown – abolitionist who wanted to “break the jaws of the wicked” – the slaveholders Harper’s Ferry, Virginia: he planed to take over an arsenal & start an insurrection – Brown & 18 followers, but Marines from Washington, DC stopped Brown & he was captured 36 hours later Sentenced to death Became a martyr for abolitionist cause – strengthened cause

18. 9. Lincoln’s Election to the Presidency Election of 1860 – Lincoln – Republican, Douglas – Northern Democrats, Bell – Constitutional Union, Breckinridge – Southern Democrat South upset with raid at Harper’s Ferry – saw election of 1860 as a turning point – North would try to arm slaves & start a rebellion Lincoln – abolitionist – victory for the North – Southerners threatened & secession only option

19. 10. Session & the CSA South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the Union in 1860 By Feb 1861, six other states secede: – Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, and Louisiana Federal government tries to compromise, but all attempts fail. Delegates meet in Montgomery, AL – new nation – Confederate States of America

20. 10. Session & CSA The CSA Created a constitution that guaranteed slavery First president of the CSA – Jefferson Davis – Only serves 6-year term Lincoln decides to re-supply Ft. Sumter – located near Charleston, SC – Jefferson did not want this to happen because the fort was in a Confederate state – He knew if he fired on the supply ship it would start a war

21. Fort Sumter Davis asked Lincoln to turn over Ft. Sumter to the Confederacy & not re-supply the ft. – “NO” Confederates began firing on the fort – Major Robert Anderson defended the fort – Confederates fired for 33 hours, until Anderson surrendered – The Civil War begins!

22. Seccession Upper South secedes – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina Capitol of the CSA is moved to Richmond, Viriginia