1. Augustus

2. ingenium Augusti conservative ambitious self-confident disciplined
frugal
cold and calculated

3. issues accusations of cowardice
sixty legions (military industrial complex/ retirement)
people want someone to seize power
hatred of rex/ legal issues
conspiracies/ political enemies
fear of civil war/ succession

4. taking control loyalty of Agrippa Battle of Actium
victory in Egypt – displayed remains of Alexander the Great
three triumphs (Balkans, Actium, and Egypt)
“imperator”
death of Ceasarion “Two Caesars is one Caesar too many.”
continuous consulships
role of Maecenas: squashing conspiracies, and propoganda

5. consolidating military and political power – working within constitutional precedent
reduce 60 legions to 28 legions (retirement paid for by the wealth of Egypt)
most hard core Republicans gone
“princeps”
attempts to reduce the Senate – creation of committees
27 BC Settlement with the Senate – proconsular power over provinces with legions
granted tribunician power (potestas tribunatis)
granted at large proconsular authority
Praetorian Guard

6. 27 BC Settlement

7. consolidating religious power
“Augustus” (revered one)
construction of the temple to Apollo (Sybilline Books moved their from the temple of Juppiter)
Agrippa constructs the Pantheon
Pontifex Maximus after the death of Lepidus
“The Divine Augustus”, “Prince of Peace”, “Son of God”

8. military expeditions
re-establish Roman control of Spain, Gaul, Armenia, and the Alps
recovery of lost legionary standards from Parthia
declared war with Germania (flimsy casus belli)
Varus betrayed by Herman. Varus led 17th, 18th, and 19th legions into a trap laid by Herman in the Teutoburg Forest (survival of English?)

9. social reform abhorred declining morality, declining birthrates
laws to encourage children
laws to discourage unmarried life
laws against adultery (hypocrisy?)
patron of the arts: Maecenas, Horace, Vergil, Ovid
The Art of Love and the exile of Ovid

10. problems of succession
civil war?
sickly
Marriage of daughter Julia to Octavia’s son, Marcellus
death of Marcellus
“You have made Agrippa so powerful, he must now become your son in law or be killed.” (Maecenas)
Agrippa marries widowed Julia – have many children
step-sons Tiberius and Drusus (Livia’s sons from her first marriage) put in charge of military expeditions
death of Drusus in Germania (Tiberius races across hostile territory)
unhappy marriage of Tiberius and widowed Julia (Agrippa dies/ Tiberius forced to divorce Visania) – self imposed exile of Tiberius, banishment of Julia and lovers
Tiberius recalled from exile after the deaths of Julia’s sons, Lucius and Gaius. Tiberius adopts Germanicus (Drusus’ son)
“ahh, to have never married, and childless to have died” (Iliad) banishment of granddaughter Julia and grandson Agrippa Posthumous
Immediate murder of Agrippa Posthumous following the death of Augustus.

12. legacy Pax Romana Res Gestae
establishment of permanent civil service throughout empire (made up of competent professional freedmen)
“I found it a city of brick and left it a city of marble”: building of roads, infrastructure, relay stations – communication networks, aqueducts, temples, baths
established professional firefighting and police force
Roman Army paid by government treasury
Praetorian Guard