1. CHINA From STRUGGLE to STREGNTH

2. Critical Historical Junctures One of oldest continuous civilizations Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from the outside world Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60) ‘Treaty Ports’ & Extraterritoriality Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination One of oldest continuous civilizations Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from the outside world Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60) ‘Treaty Ports’ & Extraterritoriality Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination Opium War

3. China under Foreign Domination French political cartoon, 1890s. Pie represents "Chine" (French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan. A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless. French political cartoon, 1890s. Pie represents "Chine" (French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan. A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless.

4. Sun Yat-Sen “Father of Modern China” Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence Many seek political & economic modernization Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic 1920’s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers) Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protégé Chiang Kai-shek Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence Many seek political & economic modernization Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic 1920’s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers) Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protégé Chiang Kai-shek Fall of Qing Dynasty Beginning of Modern China

5. Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong Civil War: 1946-1949 KMT-Nationalist Party  Military campaign to unite the Chinese  Defeats warlords, unites most of S. & central China  Sets sights on CCP KMT-Nationalist Party  Military campaign to unite the Chinese  Defeats warlords, unites most of S. & central China  Sets sights on CCP CCP-Chinese Communist Party  Backed by Soviets  Frustrated w/ China’s vulnerability  Favored a violent peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution  Leads to LONG MARCH CCP-Chinese Communist Party  Backed by Soviets  Frustrated w/ China’s vulnerability  Favored a violent peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution  Leads to LONG MARCH

6. Mao’s Long March Massive military retreat from the KMT Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to recuperate & rebuild army Mao’s leadership during the March gained him support & respect of party & peasants Massive military retreat from the KMT Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to recuperate & rebuild army Mao’s leadership during the March gained him support & respect of party & peasants “The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue, obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200 million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.” Mao Zedong 1935 “The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue, obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200 million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.” Mao Zedong 1935

7. “War of Liberation”

8. China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976

9. Mao’s Agenda A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants A revolution to remove “3 big mountains” imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A “United Front” of … workers peasants

10. People’s Republic of China 10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Chiang’s “Republic of China” government retreated to Taiwan Villified along w/ US & Japan 10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Chiang’s “Republic of China” government retreated to Taiwan Villified along w/ US & Japan

11. Mao’s First Political Campaigns Land reform & suppression of counter- revolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #’s are as high as 2-5 mil Up to 1.5 mil sent to “reformed through labor” camps Land reform & suppression of counter- revolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #’s are as high as 2-5 mil Up to 1.5 mil sent to “reformed through labor” camps

12. Economic Reconstruction First 5 Year Plan (1953-58) Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister Mao & Stalin Mao & Stalin on postage stamp

13. Great Leap Forward Second 5 Year Plan (1958-60) Abandon Soviet model of econ. development Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership mass mobilization people’s communes Abandon Soviet model of econ. development Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership mass mobilization people’s communes

14. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) Unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster Largest famine in human history Unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster Largest famine in human history Official stat = 20 m died. Other sources put the # b/w 20-72 mil.

15. Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies Deng

16. Cultural Revolution 1966-76  Liu & Deng’s prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution commitment to revolution &“class struggle” power struggle to succeed Mao  Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds --- Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.  Liu & Deng’s prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution commitment to revolution &“class struggle” power struggle to succeed Mao  Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds --- Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.

17. The Little Red Book

18. Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Purge of party cadres Liu and Deng Purge of intellectuals Purge of party cadres Liu and Deng Purge of intellectuals

19. Red Guards Traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao. Attacked the “The Four Olds” Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders, & some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution. Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders“ Ransacked museums Destroyed old books and works of art throughout China. Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed. Traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao. Attacked the “The Four Olds” Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders, & some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution. Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders“ Ransacked museums Destroyed old books and works of art throughout China. Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.

20. Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) Mao’s assumed successor 1971 - Lin allegedly tried but failed to assassinate Mao to flee to Soviet Union Eroded the credibility of the entire leadership the Cultural Revolution Mao’s assumed successor 1971 - Lin allegedly tried but failed to assassinate Mao to flee to Soviet Union Eroded the credibility of the entire leadership the Cultural Revolution

21. Phase III: the “Gang of Four” Power struggle between the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s estranged wife): continue mass mobilization Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology Power struggle between the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s estranged wife): continue mass mobilization Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology 1972 – 1976

22. Mao Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested Ends Cultural Revolution Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested Ends Cultural Revolution

23. Mao’s legacies

24. Rise of Deng Xiaoping Goal = help China achieve wealth & power Four modernizations: Modernize agriculture Expand industry Develop science & technology Upgrade defense Goal = help China achieve wealth & power Four modernizations: Modernize agriculture Expand industry Develop science & technology Upgrade defense Deng, Time’s Man of the Year, 1978

25. Tianenmen Square Protests 1989 Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP Wanted a voice for democratic reform Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP Wanted a voice for democratic reform Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread "The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts & erected during the protest.

26. Go Home! June 1989, govt. order students to return home Students refuse Army opens fire on crowd(~150,000) Several thousand killed or wounded Govt. arrested, tortured, and even executed leaders of this democracy movement June 1989, govt. order students to return home Students refuse Army opens fire on crowd(~150,000) Several thousand killed or wounded Govt. arrested, tortured, and even executed leaders of this democracy movement

27. Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.

28. The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on June 5, 1989, depicts an unknown man who stopped the advancing tanks, and later supplied food and drinks to the tank soldier.

29. Legacy….

30. Deng’s Economic Reforms “Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice.” Economic growth under Deng = significant “Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice.” Economic growth under Deng = significant

31. Leads to…. Large, low paid workforce Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Introduction of Free markets Spectacular growth & rising standard of living Consumerism Large, low paid workforce Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Introduction of Free markets Spectacular growth & rising standard of living Consumerism

32. New China