1. Psychology 394U: Cognitive Concepts in Clinical and Social Psychology First Day’s lecture Gordon Bower

2. Why Study Learning and Memory? Fascinating intellectual puzzles; importance of memory in getting through daily life Significant Applications of its concepts to –Conceptual Development –Social and Personality Psychology –Education, Training, Rehabilitation –Behavior Mod, Cognitive Behavior Therapy –Health Promotion Campaigns, Behavioral Med –Brain Sciences, Psychopharmacology

3. Some Topics We’ll Touch On Our memories and our sense of personal identity How memories reveal our interests & knowledge Memory constructs & revises our autobiography How accurate is memory? Distortions, illusions, biases in reconstruction How do emotions influence memory? Memory arouses emots. Do unconscious memories influence our behavior? Memory in social stereotypes; person-memory; implicit attitudes. The role of memory in the construction of personality Memories contribute to clinical disorders - anxiety, depres’n

4. So, what is memory? Common things we remember Qualitatively different modes of remembering

5. So, what is memory? Common things we remember Qualitatively different modes of remembering Preliminary classification of types of memory-- personal (episodic), “generic” knowledge, and procedural

6. Classification of Types of Memory Episodic or personal memory: for autobiographic events in time & space; imagery; re-experiencing (“being there”); time travel; often fits in the linguistic frame “I remember X”(e.g., “seeing the thief as he was stealing my car”). Generic (“semantic”) memory underlying knowledge: facts, abstract propositions, schema & images. Typically no re-experiencing of context of learning. Fits into frame “I recall THAT X”. Procedural skills: cognitive & motor skills (are generative), rote linguistic (not generative). Typically no re-experiencing of learning it. Fits into frame “I recall HOW TO do X”.

7. So, what is memory? Common things we remember Qualitatively different modes of remembering Preliminary classification of types of memory-- personal (episodic), “generic” knowledge, and procedural The phases of a prototypic “memory experience” (encoding, storage, retrieval). Reconstructing fragments

9. So, what is memory? Common things we remember Qualitatively different modes of remembering Preliminary classification of types of memory-- personal (episodic), “generic” knowledge, and procedural The phases of a prototypic “memory experience” (encoding, storage, retrieval). Reconstructing fragments Other constructs: –short-term vs long-term memory; –Explicit (aware, direct) vs. Implicit memory (unaware, indirect) Brain correlates of different types of memory.

11. Jones’ Chapter 1 Therapists often probe clients’ memories Wide-spread beliefs about memory

12. Jones’ Chapter 1 Psychotherapists often probe clients’ memories Wide-spread beliefs about memory Yapko’s survey of therapists : Agree or disagree ? –The mind is like a computer, accurately recording events –Events we know occurred but can’t remember are repressed memories. –If we can’t remember our childhood, it was probably traumatic. –One’s certainty about a memory indicates its accuracy. –Memories from the 1st year of life are accurately stored and are retrievable. –Hypnosis enables people to accurately remember things they otherwise could not. –Hypnosis can be used to recover memories of actual events as far back as birth.

13. Jones’ Chapter 1 Psychotherapists often probe clients’ memories Wide-spread false beliefs about memory Yapko’s survey of therapists: Agree or disagree ? –The mind is like a computer, accurately recording events (33% agree) –Events we can’t remember are repressed (59%) –If we can’t remember our childhood, it was probably somewhat traumatic (49%) –One’s certainty about a memory indicates its accuracy (24%) –Memories from the 1st year of life are often accurately stored and are retrievable (41%) –Hypnosis enables people to remember things they otherwise could not. (75%) –Hypnosis can be used to recover memories of actual events as far back as birth (54%)

14. How Permanent are Memories ? 1. Everything we learn is permanently stored in the mind, although sometimes details are not accessible. With hypnosis or other special techniques, these inaccessible details can eventually be recovered; OR * 2. Some details that we learn may be permanently lost from memory. Such details would never be able to be recovered by hypnosis, or any other special technique, because these details are simply no longer there.

15. Debra Poole’s Survey of Licensed PhD Psychotherapists Widespread use of suggestive memory techniques 41% used dream interpretation to recover accurate memories of life events. 40% used family photos & journaling to boost clients’ recall. 32% used hypnosis extensively to enhance recall Extensive disagreement among them regarding appropriateness of the different suggestive techniques. All 3 methods are known to increase suggestibility, reduce recall accuracy, and boost confidence in the “memory”.

16. Jones’ Chapter 1 Psychotherapists often probe clients’ memories Wide-spread false beliefs about memory –Accurate?Repressed?Early?Hypnosis?Trauma? The typical gap between clinical and experimental psychology training and knowledge. Book written to inform therapists about memory

17. Jones’ Chapter 2 Brief history of “memory” studies: 3 lines --The Neurologists (Broca, Kosakoff, Claparede); Unconscious “hysteria” (Freud, Charcot, Janet); Laboratory studies (Ebbinghaus) Behaviorism, then “cognitive revolution” More recently it’s moving beyond lab studies Memory terminology: short/long term; multiple memory systems & brain correlates Autobiographic memory --- episodic & semantic; different levels --life periods, themes, generic events, specific episodic event-memories.