1. Memory

2. Information Processing Sensory Register  Temporary storage  Unlimited capacity  Iconic memory  Echoic memory

3. Iconic memory

4. Information Processing

5. Short Term Memory (STM)  Holds information that we are thinking about or are aware of (consciously)  Has two primary tasks Storing new information briefly Working on that information  Also known as working memory

6. Serial Position Effect

7. Short Term Memory Storage Verbal information is stored phonologically  By its sound Some information is stored visually  Images are often stored visually and verbally

8. Short Term Memory Capacity Limited capacity  7 ± 2 units

9. Short Term Memory Chunking Information lasts longer in STM than in the sensory registers because we can rehearse it.  Rote rehearsal Retaining information in STM simply by repeating it over and over

10. Information Processing

11. Long Term Memory (LTM) Capacity  Long-term memory can store a vast amount of information that can last for many years. Encoding  Most of the information in LTM seems to be encoded according to its meaning.

12. Types of LTM Declarative Memory  Episodic memory Personally experienced events  Semantic memory General facts and information Procedural Memory  Information relating to skills, habits, motor tasks

13. Organization of LTM Associative Models of Memory  Concepts  activates other concepts

14. Semantic Network

15. Organization of LTM Associative Models of Memory  Concepts  activates other concepts  Priming Exposure to word/concept  easier recall

16. Explicit vs. Implicit Memories Explicit memory  Memories we are aware of, including Episodic and semantic memories Implicit memory  Memories for information not intentionally committed Procedural & emotional memories

17. Organization of LTM Associative Models of Memory Schemas  Organized, repeatedly exercised patterns of thought or behavior

18. Encoding Rote rehearsal Elaborative rehearsal  Visual imagery  Mnemonics Acronyms and acrostics Method of loci Pegword method

19. Retrieval Organization  encoding Retrieval Cues Encoding Specificity Principle  Environmental context  State dependent learning

20. Flashbulb Memories memories centered on a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event Vividness comes from importance of the event as well as emotional content

21. Reconstruction of Memories As memories fade, fill in details May use schemas Hindsight bias

22. Forgetting Decay theory Interference theory  Retroactive  Proactive

23. ListABC Group 1XXX Group 2XX Group 3XX Group 4X

24. Forgetting Motivated Forgetting  Suppression  Repression  Prospective forgetting Encoding failure Retrieval failure  Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

25. The Biology of Memory Amnesia  Retrograde  Anterograde  Childhood

26. The Biology of Memory Hippocampus  explicit memory

27. The Biology of Memory Cerebral cortex, striatum, amygdala  implicit memory

28. Hormones and Memory Adrenaline Noradrenaline Cortisol

30. Korsakoff’s Syndrome  Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus) Alzheimer’s Disease  Amyloid beta protein  Basal forebrain, hippocampus, cerebral cortex  Acetylcholine