1. The Muslim World Expands, 1300-1700
Chapter 18
The Muslim World Expands,

2. What do you know about the Muslim World?

3. Chapter 18 Section 1- The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
Anatolian Turks saw themselves as warriors for Islam or ghazis.
The most successful ghazis was Osman who people in the West called Othman and his followers the Ottomans.
Osman built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326.

4. Military Success
The Ottomans’ military success was based on the use of gunpowder.
Osman’s son Orkhan I declared himself sultan, meaning “overlord” or “one with power”.
The Ottomans acted kindly to the people they conquered.

5. Mehmed II or Mehmed the Conqueror completes the conquest of Constantinople.
Constantinople made trade easier for the Ottoman Empire.
Constantinople became Istanbul and was open to people of many religious backgrounds.
Ottomans take Islam’s holy cities. ( Mecca, Medina, and Cairo)

6. Ottoman Empire

7. Suleyman the Lawgiver
Suleyman the Lawgiver came to the throne in 1520 and ruled for 46 years.
Empire reaches its limits under Suleyman.
Suleyman became the most powerful monarch on earth.
The massive Ottoman Empire required an efficient government structure and social organization.

8. Chapter 18 Section 2- The Mughal Empire
Muslim nomads, who called themselves Mughals, invade what is now India
Between the 13 and 16th centuries a series of Sultans (33 to be exact) ruled the a divided territory

9. Babur Unites an Empire
Babur was a Mongol leader and descendant of Genghis Khan
The Moghal Empire was founded when Babur defeated the last of the sultans in 1526 and united the territories
(Babur defeated the Sultan at the Battle of Panipat where they used gunpowder for the first time in India)

10. Akbar’s Golden Age Akbar, Babur’s grandson, ruled the
Empire from 1556 to 1605 after his
father, Babur’s son, lost most of the
territory Babur had gained
Akbar lead with wisdom and tolerance and under his rule the empire grew considerably
Believed that military power was the root of his strength

11. Akbar’s Golden Age “School of Thought” by Akbar-
A king must always be aggressive so
that his neighbors will not try to conquer
him
Military Power and political wisdom…A winning combination
Akbar equipped his armies with heavy artillery
such as cannons which enabled him to invade
walled cities
He appointed rajputs as officers, turning
potential enemies into allies
Rajputs: members of landowning clans in India and Pakistan

12. Akbar’s Golden Age Akbar too, was a Muslim
He firmly defended religious freedom and allowed his people to practice different faiths
Allowed natives and foreigners, Hindus and Muslims to participate as government officials
- This contributed to the quality of his government

13. Akbar’s Golden Age The Languages of the Mughal Empire under Akbar
Persian was the language of Akbar’s court and of high culture
Common people spoke Hindi, a mixture of Persian and local language, and one of the most widely spoken languages of India today
Out of the Mughal armies came a new language Urdu (Akbar’s soldiers, like his officials, came from a variety of backgrounds and cultures)

14. Art and Literature of the Mughal Court
Miniatures- small, highly detailed, colorful paintings used as book illustrations or kept in albums
Tulsi Das- a poet, retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita in Ramcaritmanas
Architecture- a style known for massive but graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework depicting Hindu themes; still known as Akbar period architecture

15. Akbar’s Successors
Jahangir and Nur Jahan- Akbar’s son, Jahangir, left the affairs of the state to his wife, Nur Jahan. She ruled with an iron hand.
Jahangir was tollerant of all religions (like his father) until his son, Khusrau, rebelled and turned to the Sikhs- a nonviolent religious group. The Sikhs became the target of Mughal hatred.

16. Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan- Jahangir’s son and successor
Could not tolerate competition- secured his throne by assassinating all possible rivals
Built the Taj Mahal, a memorial to his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
The people of the empire suffered from famine and heavy taxes to support their rulers extravagant life-style

17. Akbar’s Successors
Aurangzeb- The third son of Shah Jahan took power after his father became ill by executing his oldest brother and putting his father in prison
Aurangzeb was an aggressive empire builder who expanded the Mughal empire to its greatest size, but…
The power of the empire weakened because largely because of Aurangzeb’s oppression of his people
Not as open-minded as his successors, he taxed non-muslims and dismissed Hindus from government. He also banned the construction of new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed. Hindu rajputs rebelled.