1. C1a 3 Crude oil Burning fuels and cleaner fuels

2. Learning objectives Understand what is produced when fuels burn Understand what is produced when fuels burn Know what can be done to reduce the problem Know what can be done to reduce the problem

3. Fuel gas Petrol / gasoline Naphtha Paraffin / Kerosine Diesel fuel Fuel and lubricating oil Bitumen Burned in the refinery to fuel the distillation process, sold as LPG, purified and sold as bottled camping gas Fuel for cars and motorcycles, also used to make chemicals. Used to make chemicals. Fuel for greenhouse heaters and jet engines, manufacture of chemicals. Fuel for lorries, trains. Fuel for the heating systems of large buildings, fuel for ships, lubricating oil. Roofing, and road surfaces. Fractions of crude oil

4. Burning fuels Burning – chemical reaction of combustion Burning – chemical reaction of combustion Fuel reacts with oxygen Fuel reacts with oxygen Chemical reaction – new products Chemical reaction – new products Is this a balanced reaction? Is this a balanced reaction? Complete combustion Complete combustion propane + oxygen  water + carbon dioxide C 3 H 8 + O 2  H 2 O + CO 2

5. Burning hydrocarbons any hydrocarbon + oxygen  water + carbon dioxide Suction pump Candle wax is the hydrocarbon here ice- water Liquid collected can be tested with anhydrous cobalt chloride paper (blue  pink). Lime water

6. Greenhouse effect 1. Sun’s rays enter the Earth’s atmosphere 2. Heat is reflected back from the Earth’s surface 3. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) and as a result becomes trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere 4. The Earth becomes hotter as a result

7. Carbon dioxide

8. Not just hydrocarbons Crude oil also contains impurities Crude oil also contains impurities Can cause problems Can cause problems Sulphur (sulfur) Sulphur (sulfur) Reacts with oxygen – sulphur dioxide Reacts with oxygen – sulphur dioxide Poisonous gas Poisonous gas Acidic (acid rain) Acidic (acid rain) Damages engines Damages engines

9. Other problems Incomplete combustion – not enough oxygen Incomplete combustion – not enough oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Poisonous gas Poisonous gas Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen High temp – nitrogen and oxygen react together High temp – nitrogen and oxygen react together Nitrogen oxides Nitrogen oxides Poisonous gases (acid rain) Poisonous gases (acid rain) Health problems (asthma) Health problems (asthma)

10. Particulates Diesel engines – burn bigger hydrocarbons Diesel engines – burn bigger hydrocarbons Don’t always completely burn Don’t always completely burn Un-burnt hydrocarbons react with oxygen Un-burnt hydrocarbons react with oxygen Particles found in air in towns and cities Particles found in air in towns and cities Unknown affect on health Unknown affect on health Global Dimming Global Dimming

11. Cleaning up our act Reduce gases – catalytic convertor Reduce gases – catalytic convertor Gases travel over transition metals Gases travel over transition metals Gases react Gases react Power stations react gases with quicklime Power stations react gases with quicklime Flue gas desulphurisation Flue gas desulphurisation Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides  carbon dioxide + nitrogen

12. Key points Combustion of hydrocarbons in air produces carbon dioxide and water Combustion of hydrocarbons in air produces carbon dioxide and water Burn in different conditions = different products Burn in different conditions = different products Crude oil may contain impurities that have negative effects Crude oil may contain impurities that have negative effects Gases released can be treated to reduce harmful effects Gases released can be treated to reduce harmful effects