1. Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Slaves in Ancient Rome made up to 40% of the population. Asparagus was a highly prized delicacy in Ancient Rome and was kept frozen in the Alps for Feasts and Festivals. In Ancient Rome, only boys went to school. The girls stayed at home. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. Women dyed their hair with goat fat and beech wood ashes. Blonde and red were the most popular colors Instead of Soap, Romans used oil and scraped off the oil with a metal tool Romans played board games like chess, checkers and tic-tac-toe. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

4. Our Planets in the Solar System are well named after the main Roman Gods Roman soldiers, or legionaries, usually covered roughly eighteen miles per day. Only citizens of Rome were allowed to wear a toga Romans used a sponge soaked in salt water, on the end of a stick as toilet paper ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4

5. Establishment of Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus  Rome founded by Romulus 753 B.C.E. Indo-European migrants ca. 2000 B.C.E. Bronze ca. 1800 B.C.E.; iron ca. 900 B.C.E. 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

6. The Kingdom of Rome Monarchy through seventh to sixth century B.C.E.  Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Establishment of the Republic 509 B.C.E., Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution included two consuls: civil and military Consuls were elected by an assembly dominated by the patricians Senate advised the consuls and ratified major decisions Both Senate and consuls represented the interests of the patricians 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

8. Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed in times of crisis 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Expansion of the Republic Rome consolidated its position in Italy, fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Expansion via military threat and incentives  Tax exemptions  Trade privileges  Citizenship 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

10. The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, 264-146 B.C.E. Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of second century B.C.E. 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems  Development of large plantations, latifundia  Unfair competition for smaller landholders 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Expansion of the Roman Republic to 146 B.C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

13. Julius Caesar  Seized Rome in 49 B.C.E.  Claimed the title "dictator for life," 46 B.C.E.  Social reforms and centralized control  Assassinated in 44 B.C.E. 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14. Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 B.C.E. 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. Augustus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra Takes title of Augustus, 27 B.C.E. 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

16. Augustus’s Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 C.E. 16 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

17. Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas  Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge 17 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

18. The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

19. Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” 27-250 C.E. Facilitated trade, communication Well engineered Roman roads, postal system Roadwork  Curbs  Drainage  Flat paving stones  Milestones  Postal service 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

20. Roman Law Twelve Tables, 449 B.C.E. Adapted to diverse populations under Roman rule  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

21. Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of empire-wide economy Roman navy kept the seas largely free of pirates The Mediterranean became a Roman lake 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. The City of Rome Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: First use of concrete as construction material Attractions: baths, pools, gymnasia, circuses, stadiums, amphitheaters 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Roman Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial games 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Roman Sewer System ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

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34. Family and Society Paterfamilias: “father of the family”  Eldest male of the family ruled  Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property  Enforcement inconsistent 34 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

35. Wealth and Social Change  Newly rich classes built palatial houses and threw lavish banquets  Poor classes became a serious problem in Rome and other cities  No urban policy developed, only "bread and circuses" 35 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

36. Slavery Second century C.E.: estimated at one-third of empire’s population  Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 B.C.E. 36 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

37. Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures 37 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

38. Mithraism From Zoroastrian myth: god of sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military 38 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

39. Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish War (66-70 C.E.) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 39

40. Synagogue at Capernaum 40 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

41. Jesus of Nazareth  Charismatic Jewish teacher, taught devotion to God and love for human beings  Attracted large crowds through his wisdom and miraculous powers  The teaching "the kingdom of God is at hand" alarmed the Romans  Crucifixion in early 30s C.E. 41 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

42. Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Became Christ: or “anointed one” Teachings recorded in New Testament The New and the Old Testaments became the holy book of Christianity 42 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

43. Paul of Tarsus Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles to “Gentiles” or non Jews Traveled widely throughout the Roman empire Missionary activity 43 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

44. Growth of Early Christianity  Strong appeal to lower classes, urban population, and women  Became the most influential faith in the Mediterranean by the third century C.E. Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor Women 44 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.