1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Establishment of Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Etruscans Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6 th c. BCE  Greek maritime attacks  Celtic invasions from north

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Kingdom of Rome Monarchy through 7 th -6 th c. BCE  Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Establishment of the Republic 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: 2 consuls senate

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5 th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through 3 rd c. BCE Yet 6-month appointments of dictators

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Expansion of the Republic Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry 5 th -4 th c. BCE Expansion via military threat and incentives  Tax exemptions  Trade privileges  Citizenship

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Three major wars  First over Sicilian grain supply  Later for supremacy in Mediterranean Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2 nd C. BCE

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution  Perennial problem  Development of large latifundia  Unfair competition for smaller landholders

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 The Roman Empire to 146 BCE

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Gracchi Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Development of private armies made up of landless peasants  Gaius Marius (with reformers)  Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 Civil War 87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla secedes Marius in 83 BCE Reign of terror follows

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror  Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises to popularity  Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Augustus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony & Cleopatra Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Augustus’ Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 CE

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas  Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Encouragement of crop production, control of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” 27-250 CE Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork  Curbs, drainage, milestones  Postal service

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Roman Law Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Adapted to diverse populations under Roman Rule  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court  Right of judges to set aside laws that are unfair or inequitable

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 The City of Rome Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Roman Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial Games

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Family and Society Pater Familias: “father of the family”  Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property  Enforcement inconsistent

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Wealth and Social Change Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Slavery 2 nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population  Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Cicero and Stoicism Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Mithraism Cult dedicated to Mithras From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize emperors as gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish rebellion in Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Synagogue at Capernaum

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 The Essenes Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Jesus of Nazareth Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Paul of Tarsus Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Intensive travel, missionary activity

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Early Christian Communities Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual  Nature of resurrection  Role of women Gradual acceptance of core texts

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Growth of Early Christianity Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women