1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 11 Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Establishment of Rome Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Etruscans 700 BCE Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6 th c. BCE  Greek maritime attacks  Celtic invasions from north in Gaul

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Kingdom of Rome Etruscans deeply influence the early development of Rome Monarchy through 7 th -6 th c. BCE Several Roman kings were Etruscans  Streets, temples, public buildings Major center of trade routes

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5

6. 6 Establishment of the Republic 509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built--political & civic center Republican constitution Executive responsibilities: 2 consuls= elected by wealthy aristocrats Senate=advised the consuls & ratified major political decisions Consuls & Senate represent the wealthy

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Social Conflict Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5 th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for representation Rights expanded through 3 rd c. BCE: could have one consul come from their ranks Yet 6-month appointments of dictators, when faced with civil or military crisis

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Expansion of the Republic 5th-4th c. BCE- Romans found large regional state Took over iron industry 5 th -4 th c. BCE from Etruscans=$$$ Expansion via military threat and incentives  Tax exemptions  Trade privileges  Citizenship

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 The Punic Wars Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Carthage is leading power in Mediterranean Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires  215-148 fight Antigonids & Seleucids Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2 nd C. BCE

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution  Conquered lands fell into the hands of wealthy elites  Development of large latifundia (plantations)  Unfair competition for smaller landholders  Latifundia operating costs are low causing small landholders to go into debt in their attempt to compete

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Roman Empire to 146 BCE

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 The Gracchi Brothers & Class Conflict Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Roman politicians & military leaders jockey for power Development of private armies made up of landless peasants  Gaius Marius (with reformers)  Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Civil War 87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Marius dies Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius’ supporters out 83 BCE Reign of terror follows

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror  Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises to popularity  Public spectacles (gladiators), victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE to ward of political dissidents Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Caesar’s Policies Centralized military, governance under personal control Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44 BCE in the senate

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Augustus Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Nephew Octavian fights Mark Antony & Cleopatra (Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt) Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Augustus’ Administration Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military power Stabilized empire Death in 14 CE

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Expansion and Integration of Empire Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas  Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources Developed infrastructure, cities emerge and tempo of society quickens

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 The Roman Empire, c. 117 CE

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Pax Romana: “Roman Peace” 27-250 CE Economic & political integration Facilitated trade, communication Roman Roads  Curbs, drainage, milestones  Postal service

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Roman Law Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Applied throughout all Roman territories  Innocent until proven guilty  Right to challenge accusers in court  Judges could challenge unfair laws

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Commercial Agriculture and Trade Latifundia: production for export  Commercial agriculture Agricultural specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy & trade Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 The City of Rome Cash flow  Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce Massive construction projects  Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts Technology: concrete

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Roman Cities & Attractions Imported goods Underground sewage Fresh water--aqueducts Public baths Circus Maximus  250,000 spectators Colosseum--50,000 spectators Gladitorial Games

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Family and Society Pater Familias: “father of the family”  Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery Women not allowed to inherit property  Rarely enforced

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Wealth and Social Change Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction from poverty: “Bread and Circuses”---subsidized grain & public entertainment

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Slavery 2 nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population  Customary manumission at age 30 Agricultural work, quarries, mines Extremely harsh conditions Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Roman Deities Polytheistic Major gods, Greek influence Absorption of gods from other cultures

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Cicero and Stoicism Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism---established as most popular school of moral philosophy in Rome

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Mithraism: Religion of Salvation Dedicated to Mithras From Zoroastrian myth: Mithra is god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage, discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular: Women

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Judaism in Early Rome Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions in Palestine Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Synagogue at Capernaum

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 The Essenes: Palestine Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism in water Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Jesus of Nazareth Charismatic Jewish teacher Born c. 4 BCE Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus, early 30s CE

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Jesus’ Early Followers Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament Believe Jesus is the son of God. What is the Old Testament? Do Jews believe in Jesus?

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Paul of Tarsus Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Intensive travel, missionary activity

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Early Christian Communities Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual  Nature of resurrection (Actual vs. spiritual)  Role of women Gradual acceptance of core texts  The New Testament

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Growth of Early Christianity Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity  Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor Women  What was the appeal of Christianity?