1. Chapter Three: Ethics in Psychological Research

2. The Need for Ethical Principles Psychologists must ask and answer questions such as: Are we putting our participants at risk? Is our experimental treatment harmful? Is the information we will gather from our experiment worth the potential risk and harm to participants that is involved?

3. The Need for Ethical Principles Instances that created major concern regarding research ethics: The medical experiments of World War II The Tuskegee Syphilis Project The Willowbrook Hepatitis Project Stanley Milgram’s Obedience Study The Baby Albert Experiment Stanford Prison Experiment

4. The Need for Ethical Principles Many Nazis who committed medical research atrocities during World War II were prosecuted at the Nuremburg War Tribunal. The Nuremburg Code stressed consideration of the following ethical principles: Participants should consent to participate in research. Participants should be fully informed of the nature of the research project. Risks should be avoided whenever possible. Participants should be protected against risks to the greatest extent possible. Projects should be conducted by scientifically qualified personnel. Participants have the right to discontinue participation at any time.

5. “Angel of Death” Focused on hereditary Fascinated by twins Took special interest in those with physical abnormalities Attempted to change eye color Nuremburg Trials and later the Doctor’s trials Established the Nuremburg Code

6. APA Code of Ethics The APA has published a statement of ethical principles in 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1990, 1992, and 2002. As of now, the 2002 ethical code is in effect (as of June 1, 2003). It can be found on WebCT. Conducting Ethical research means protecting participants from harm and abuse.

7. APA Code of Ethics Five General Principles for Conduct A. Benevolence and nonmaleficience Strive to benefit and take care to do no harm B. Fidelity and Responsibility We establish relationships of trust and take responsibility for our actions C. Integrity Psychologists seek to promote truthfulness and honesty in science

8. APA Code of Ethics Five General Principles for Conduct D. Justice All people should have equal access to and benefit from contributions of psychology. E. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignities Psychologists respect privacy and confidentiality.

9. Informed Consent to Research Not only is informed consent required, but full disclosure as well. All facts that may potentially influence the participant’s willingness to participate in the research must be told to them beforehand so that they can give INFORMED consent. When dealing with minors or others incapable of granting informed consent, then parents, guardians, etc. must give informed consent.

10. Client/Patient, Student, and Subordinate Research Participants Clients, students, and patients are in a vulnerable position. They may feel that volunteering for research is sort of “required”. That is, they may feel coerced. Coercion - means to get people to “volunteer” to do something due to some authority position the researcher may hold can occur both at the initial point of volunteering and at a later point in the experiment when the participant wishes to withdraw but doesn’t.

11. Dispensing with Informed Consent for Research In certain cases, informed consent is not needed. Where research would not be assumed to create harm: Classroom management methods Anonymous questionnaires, naturalistic observation, archival research Job place management methods

12. Offering Inducements for Research Participation Financial inducements to participation can act to coerce people: “I really need the money, but I’ll only get it if I participate.” Even worse than coercion, financial inducements can easily create exploitation of certain classes of people (i.e. poor). Who do you think tests out these fancy new drugs before the FDA approves them? Who reaps the benefits?

13. Deception in Research If deception is to be used, the researcher must determine if a non- deceptive procedure could be used which would obtain the same results. Providing a complete explanation or description of the project may influence the participants’ responses. It is arguable that deception may be justified in some cases if our results are to be unbiased or uncontaminated by knowledge of the experiment and the expectancies that such knowledge may bring.

14. Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research I. Justification of Research. The research should have a clear scientific purpose. II. Personnel. Only trained personnel who are familiar with the animal-care guidelines should be involved with the research. III. Care and Housing of Animals. Animal housing areas must comply with current regulations. IV. Acquisition of Animals. If animals are not bred in the laboratory, they must be acquired in a lawful, humane manner.

15. Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research V. Experimental Procedures. Humane consideration for the well-being of the animal should be incorporated into the design and conduct of all procedures involving animals VI. Field Research. Investigators should take special precautions to disturb their research population(s) and the environment as little as possible. VII. Educational Use of Animals. The educational use of animals also must be approved by the appropriate review board.

16. Animal Experimentation Arguments Against Animals feel pain and suffering in the same way as humans. The destruction of any living thing is dehumanizing to the human scientist. Scientific progress at the expense of animals is simply a form of speciesism ( the belief that if humans are benefited, then it is justified to harm an animal ).

17. Animal Experimentation Arguments For 1. Physiological experiments: that would be unethical to do with humans might be possible with animals. 2. Animals are convenient participants. 3. The history and background of animals can be controlled (beyond experimental control). 4. Some animal research is done solely to benefit other animals.