1. BELLWORK Describe the characteristics of a caudillo.
Explain the economic problems in post-revolution L.A. How did this lead to the rise of caudillos?
Explain the social problems in post-revolution Latin America. How would this lead to the rise of caudillos?
Why was regionalism a problem in post-rev. L.A.?
List three beliefs of conservative caudillos and three beliefs of liberal caudillos.
THINKER: Even though the caudillos came to power by force, and often ruled like a dictator, many were very popular and supported by the people. Why do you think this is? What was their alternative? Is it possible to be an effective/good dictator?

2. Caudillo Presentations
Brainstorm a list of things you could do to improve your presentation from the last project.
Project is worth 80 points and you will be graded individually using this rubric……
Since you will be learning about a lot of people, it is imperative you understand the rule of that caudillo; therefore, the group will present,, then they will ask the closure questions, then we will discuss.
You will complete the graphic organizer during presentations.
Make your notes summarized! Look for common themes!
KEEP IT SIMPLE!

3. Caudillo Presentations
Rosas (Argentina)
Artigas (Uruguay)
Carrera (Guatemala)
Paez (Venezuela)
Castilla (Peru)
Santa Anna (Mexico)

4. BELLWORK 11/20
In six words or less, explain how the revolutions in Latin America led to the rise of caudillos.
Explain the problems Argentina suffered post-Independence.
What is an estanciero? Why did the estanciero class support Rosas?
Describe how Rosas came to power.
Explain two policies/laws/etc. implemented by Rosas.
How did Rosas fall from power? What changes were made in Argentina post-Rosas?

5. Argentina: Problems post-Revolution
Political divisions
Federales: Federalists, conservative, regionalists (Rosas)
Unitarios: Unitarians, liberal, centralized government (Rivadavia)
Territorial divisions
Buenos Aires: Spanish trade monopoly, key port city, free-trade zone dominated by local government, wealthy, federalist
Interior provinces: Suffered from European competition (wine/textiles), no political power, unstable, no access to BA ports, unitarian
Economic divisions
Power of estanciero class: owned estancias – large estates used for farming, worked on by lower classes (Latin American estate owners)

7. Argentina: Rule of Rivadavia
Goal: unify Argentina under a strong central government that promoted economic development of the whole territory
Education, social, economic reform
Balanced development of industry and agriculture
Land distribution
New Constitution in 1825 – proposed unification with BA and allowed full access to ports….rejected!
Although he made several beneficial changes to society, why was he still unpopular, and eventually resigned?
Federalist caudillos of Buenos Aires, feared that the rise of a strong national government would mean the end of their power
EXILED!!!

8. Argentina: Rise of Rosas
Describe how Rosas came to power.
Governor of Buenos Aires in 1829
Supported by estancieros
Federalist!!! Believed Buenos Aires should stay separate, but represent other provinces in foreign affairs (provinces could control own domestic affairs)
Buenos Aires retained revenue for its exclusive use and controlled trade and river system
A network of personal alliances, backed by force, allowed him to come to power
POWER TO
BUENOS AIRES!!!

9. Argentina: Rule of Rosas
Explain two policies/laws/etc. implemented by Rosas.
For Rosas, and the ruling class of estancieros, the only economic concern was the export of hides and meat, and import of foreign goods
Conquest of indigenous land = sell for profit!
Fear of the masses: used gauchos and private army to control them
Colonial punishments: torture, whipping
Rule based on informal alliance of estancieros, militia commanders, & secret police (Mazorca)
Terrorist organization; murdered opposition
Estancieros of Buenos Aires enjoyed massive wealth
“I thought it very important to gain a decisive influence over this class in order to control and direct it”

10. Rosas Fun Facts!!!
Joined the military at 13
In a country where most of the population was illiterate and uneducated, Rosas argued that rigged elections were the only way to reach stability
His cabinet was composed of powerless figures, and Rosas noted: "Do not imagine that my Ministers are any thing but my Secretaries. I put them in their offices to listen and report, and nothing more”
Modern estimates report around 2,000 people were executed from 1829 until 1852; common methods included throat slitting, castration or scalping
Rosas led a war against the Natives at the same as Jackson;

11. All official newspapers under Rosas’ rule, carried the slogan: “Death to the savage, filthy Unitarians!”

12. Rosas’ rule maintained power of creoles and oppressed majority of mixed race, Natives, & blacks
“It may appear unjust to exterminate savages, destroy civilizations, and conquer peoples who occupy land that is rightly theirs, but thanks to this injustice, America, instead of being abandoned to savages who are incapable of progress, is today occupied by the Caucasian race, the most perfect, intelligent, beautiful, and progressive of all the races that inhabit the Earth”
Conservative caudillo & supporter of Rosas, Domingo Sarmiento

13. Argentina: Fall of Rosas
How did Rosas fall from power?
Angry over economic oppression, anti-Rosas forces formed a coalition in 1852
United farmers, natives, liberals and federalists under Justo Jose de Urquiza (Entre Rios)
Worked together to defeat Rosas’ army
Rosas fled to exile in England
Adios Rosas!
Argentina….unite!!!

14. Argentina: Post-Rosas
What changes were made in Argentina post-Rosas?
Did not end dispute between Buenos Aires and other provinces or between federalism and Unitarianism.
Slower process of economic change will eventually bring unity
Union of provinces will all share the wealth of Buenos Aires…..obtain by force! BA refused and two sides agreed to peaceful separation
New Constitution in 1853
Modeled after U.S.
United Provinces became a federal republic
President (6 year term)
Legislative branch – Senate & House
Catholicism is official religion; freedom of worship
For five years there were two separate Argentinas: the Argentine Confederation (Urquiza) & Province of Buenos Aires
1859: War between the two
1862: Compromise, unification, capital established at Buenos Aires

15. Today’s Agenda…. Artigas Carrera Review
Similarities/differences between Rosas and Carrera
Similarities/differences between Artigas and Carrera
Similarities/differences between Rosas and Artigas

16. Paraguay

17. Compare/Contrast Paraguay & Uruguay

18. BELLWORK 11/21
How did Artigas come to power? How did he fall from power?
List two of Artigas’ liberal reforms.
Explain the problems in Guatemala post-independence. How did these problems lead to the rise of Carrera?
List two of Carrera's conservative reforms.
THINKER: In 1855 an anonymous author said: “Independence is only a name. Previously they ruled us from Spain, now from here. It is always the same priest on a different mule.” What does this quote say about society post-independence? How does it relate to rule of the caudillos?

19. Uruguay

20. Guatemala & Rafael Carrera

21. Guatemala Problems post-independence:
1823 – Republic of Central America: Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala
Gradually states formed their own government, but split between two parties
Liberal – middle class, artisans and merchants
Conservative – old elite, monopolistic, landowners, church
Civil War = Liberal Morazán becomes president (unpopular with conservatives)

22. Rafael Carrera - Overview
Grew up in a barrio of Guatemala City under Spanish colonial control
He was a mestizo and illiterate. Worked on a farm before joining military
Many conservative caudillos were interested in power for their own gain. Carrera was an exception & represented the interests of Guatemala's Indian majority
Backed by the Church, conservatives, and land owners, he dominated politics in the first five decades of Guatemala's independence (actually in power )
led the revolt against the federal government and was instrumental in breaking up the United Provinces of Central America

23. Guatemala
During the Civil War, Carrera was the general of conservative troops
Rafael Carrera did not support Morazán's liberal policies
Morazán repeatedly chased Carrera's forces out of cities and towns, but Carrera's followers would retake places as soon as Morazán's army left
A cholera epidemic added to the frustration and helped Carrera rally the peasants into a military resistance against the liberals
Morazán -
Liberal leader & president of Guatemala
Enemy of Carrera

24. Guatemala He mobilized an army and took Guatemala City.
Supported Catholic rule and death to foreigners.
Ended Federal Republic and established a conservative regime.
Made Congress name him “President for Life!”

25. Guatemala Revived authority of the church
Brought back native forced labor and colonial titles
What began as a lower class protest against modernization, soon changed into a conservative government controlled by a merchant oligarchy
The wealthy elite provided him with money needed for his army
Determined to dominate Central America
After he died in 1865, the violence-filled period ended and liberalism was restored

26. Today’s Agenda…. Paez (Venezuela) Castilla (Peru)
Discuss: similarities differences

27. BELLWORK: Block 1
Which caudillos were liberal? Which were conservative?
Which caudillos were supported by oligarchies?
Describe the rise/rule of Jose Paez.
Describe the rise/rule of Ramon Castilla.
In your opinion, who was the most successful caudillo? Why?
THINKER: As you know, many caudillos served multiple terms non-consecutively. Why do you think this is? Why was it difficult for these caudillos to maintain control?

28. Venezuela Problems post-Independence: Conflicts over slavery
Many felt it was necessary
Bolivar changed rights of creoles and natives, but was criticized by wealthy elite and military caudillos

29. Venezuela - Paez
Jose Antonio Paez was elected in 1830 from the conservative side (some view as moderate)
Was a military hero and champion of Venezuelan independence
Combined presidency with general of supreme army
Terrified of slave revolts and uprisings = race war!
Arrested Liberal leader, Guzman, and sentenced him to death
New Constitution in 1830 limited suffrage to 21 year old literate & wealthy males.
Was president three different times: 1830–1835; 1839–1843; 1861–1863
Returned to rule whenever the national government failed

30. Venezuela - Paez
Allied with the conservative oligarchy because the oligarchy controlled a great amount of their country's wealth but was not popular with the masses whereas Páez was very much liked by the masses
Ended dominance & economic power of the church
conflict between church and state ceased to exist unlike other countries in Latin America
In 1847 President Jose Tadeo Monagas, who was put into power by Páez, dispersed Congress and proclaimed himself dictator.
Páez led a rebellion against him but was defeated and eventually exiled. (1850)
In 1861, he became supreme dictator and ruled only for two years before again returning to exile.
He lived in New York during his years in exile and died there in 1873.

31. Peru Problems post-independence:
Bolivar attempted to end slavery and equalize power; considered everyone Peruvian citizens.
When he left in 1826, the Creole government reinstated taxes on indigenous population and slaves (government depended on this revenue)
Revolution ruined mines and plantation agriculture; could not compete with foreign powers
Massive trade debt with England
Elite landowners were angry at social revolts and instability
Absence of governing class and political instability led to civil wars

32. Peru Under these conditions, people demanded change!
Led to the rise of the military general and mestizo, Ramon Castilla (president from & )

33. Peru Emphasis on guano exports (England)
Guano boom led to the creation of railways
Social reforms – abolished slavery & indigenous tribute
Slave owners received 40% of slave value
Freed blacks became farmers = increase in cotton, sugar, and grain
Modernization in costal agriculture: use of cotton gins, boilers, refinery equipment, and steam-drive tractors.
After Castilla’s presidential term was over, Peruvian farmers depleted guano deposits and Peru went into a period of debt.

34. Agenda Today: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico) Caudillo Review
Homework: Mexican-American War Wkst and Reading
Tomorrow:
Mexican-American War Lesson & Discussion

35. Mexico Political Problems
Economic Problems
Exports did not keep up with imports = trade deficit (began exporting metals; like gold & silver)
New government inherited a bankrupt treasury
Foreign loans proved ineffective; raised debt to 54 million pesos
Britain invested in mining
In 1830, government provided assistance to industry, but shortages of capital, lack of consistent policies, and unstable socioeconomic structure halted growth.
Had to rely on mining and agriculture
Principal exports were silver, tobacco, coffee, vanilla, and henequen (fiber used to make rope)
Political Problems
Divisions between liberal and conservative sides:
Liberals – power to mestizos and middle class
Conservatives – support racial hierarchy; aristocracy

36. Mexico
Led to the rise of Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (ruled )
From the conservative side; did NOT support liberals in power (then, current president Farias)
First fought AGAINST Mexican independence from Spain, then for it (military general)
Wealthy landowner in port-city of Veracruz
He was general or president (or both concurrently) multiple times in his 40-year career.
President on eleven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years.
Wanted a Catholic, centralist, conservative government (Mexico City)

37. Mexico
He immediately dissolved Congress and began centralizing power (Mexico City!) The regime became a dictatorship backed by the military.
Suspended liberal constitution of 1824
Increase power of central government; decreased state rights
Land/$ qualifications for power
Restored sales tax and government tobacco monopoly to increase revenue
Mexican-American War led to loss of ½ of Mexico

38. Mexico
Unhappy over economic policies, Alvarez (liberal caudillo) convinced France to send a king to rule = WAR!
1853 – Santa Anna launched terrorist campaign against dissenters
1854 – Alvarez issued a revolt and overthrow

39. Mexico
After Texan independence Santa Anna wrote a letter to U.S. Minister to Mexico, Joel Poinsett, in which he proclaimed:
“It is very true that I once threw up my cap for liberty with great ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon found the folly of it. A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the influence of a Catholic clergy, a dictatorship is the proper government for them, but there is no reason why it should not be a wise and virtuous one”

40. Santa Anna FUN FACTS!
Parents were very wealthy; pressured him to pursue a career in commerce
During the Mexican Revolution, he was shot with an arrow in the left arm
Gambling addict his entire life
His habit was to ally with the wealthy and be on the winning side of any battle
Fought with Spanish; Iturbide promised to make him General so he supported Mexico; planned Iturbide’s overthrow
Always focused on self-promotion
Proclaimed himself “the Napoleon of the West,” “The Savior of the Motherland” & “The Most Serene Highness”
Santa Anna famously used a prosthetic cork leg; during the Mexican-American War, it was captured and kept by American troops. The cork leg is displayed at the Illinois State Military Museum & the Mexican government has repeatedly asked for its return
One month after his wife’s death in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 15-year-old María Dolores de Tosta
During his time in exile in NYC, he is credited with bringing in the first shipments of chicle, the base of chewing gum. His plan was to use the chicle to replace rubber in carriage tires, which eventually failed. Thomas Adams, the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the United States, experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber. He bought one ton of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing gum industry with a product that he called “Chiclets.”
Santa Anna was a passionate fan of the sport of cockfighting. He would invite breeders from all over the world for matches and is known to have spent tens of thousands of dollars on prize roosters.

41. BELLWORK 11/26 Which two caudillos are the most similar? Why? Explain!
Which two caudillos are the most different? Why? Explain!
THINKER: What are you thankful for?

42. Chile

43. Venezuela Problems post-Independence: Conflicts over slavery
Many felt it was necessary
Bolivar changed rights of creoles and natives, but was criticized by wealthy elite and military caudillos

44. Venezuela - Paez
Jose Antonio Paez was elected in 1830 from the conservative side (some view as moderate)
Was a military hero and champion of Venezuelan independence
Combined presidency with general of supreme army
Terrified of slave revolts and uprisings = race war!
Arrested Liberal leader, Guzman, and sentenced him to death
New Constitution in 1830 limited suffrage to 21 year old literate & wealthy males.
Was president three different times: 1830–1835; 1839–1843; 1861–1863
Returned to rule whenever the national government failed

45. Venezuela - Paez
Allied with the conservative oligarchy because the oligarchy controlled a great amount of their country's wealth but was not popular with the masses whereas Páez was very much liked by the masses
Ended dominance & economic power of the church
conflict between church and state ceased to exist unlike other countries in Latin America
In 1847 President Jose Tadeo Monagas, who was put into power by Páez, dispersed Congress and proclaimed himself dictator.
Páez led a rebellion against him but was defeated and eventually exiled. (1850)
In 1861, he became supreme dictator and ruled only for two years before again returning to exile.
He lived in New York during his years in exile and died there in 1873.

46. Venezuela - Gomez
Juan Vicente Gomez was a military general and caudillo from 1908 until his death in 1935.
Gómez was a barely literate cattle herder and a nearly full-blooded Native American.
In 1899, he joined the private army of Cipriano Castro, with whom he had been friends since Castro's exile in Colombia.
This army swept down President Caracas in 1899 and seized control of the country.
He became Castro's vice president and, in 1902, head of the military, responsible for suppressing several major revolts against the government.
Liberal Gómez seized power from Castro on 19 December 1908, while Castro was in Europe for medical treatment

47. Venezuela - Gomez
Economic troubles (falling coffee prices) led to period of recession
Gómez managed to decrease Venezuela's debt by granting concessions to foreign oil companies
Won him support of the United States
Used the money to launch an extensive public works program
He also received generous kickbacks, increasing his personal fortune enormously
Support did not last long…… foreign powers blockaded Venezuela and demanded payment of debts

48. Venezuela - Gomez
Brought enrichment to the country, particularly after the discovery of oil, which enabled the development of a modern infrastructure.
His focus on road construction and the creation of jobs promoted social contact among Venezuelans of different regions – previously a rare occurrence – which created a sense of national unity in the country
He brought about the end of civil wars by exerting power over regional caudillos and, as a result, Venezuela became a peaceful country and has been so for more than a century
During his rule, most of the country's wealth ended up in the hands of Gómez, his henchmen, and Wall Street.
At the time of his death, he was by far the richest man in the country.
He did little for public education and held basic democratic principles in disdain. Although cordial and simple in manner, his ruthless crushing of opponents through his secret police earned him the reputation of a tyrant.

49. Gomez FUN FACT!
Gómez was never married; however, he had two mistresses. The first one was Dionisia Gómez Bello, with whom he had seven children. The second one was Dolores Amelia Núñez de Cáceres, with whom we had eight children. Gómez also fathered many other children in brief relationships: at least 64 and possibly as many as 84. He appointed many of his children to public office

50. Graffiti Board – Caudillo Review
A graffiti board is a visual representation of a topic.
It can include pictures, statements, quotes, charts, descriptors, words, etc.
A free expression of your knowledge and understanding
Today, each group will re-teach a caudillo to the class using a graffiti board.
Your poster should include the main info about your caudillo, but also any comparisons to other caudillos.