1. What is deviance?

2. Deviance
Any behaviour which goes against the society’s general norms and values.
This can include behaviour which is against the law or against moral values.

3. Relative Absolute
Law and morals are usually decided by a dominant culture.
Right and wrong mean different things to different people depending on their culture, class or gender.
Not conforming to the dominant culture’s rules can allow you to become a member of a subculture.
This suggests deviance is relative and deviants are a victim of a power system which makes the rules.
Views of right and wrong are firmly fixed and regards deviant behaviour as morally bankrupt.
More rules are created to establish control.
Perpetrators are punished more successfully and publicly.

4. Normal Distribution Approach
Coakley (1993) suggests there is a normal distribution effect of what behaviour is acceptable and unacceptable. Deviant behaviour fall outside of this range, on either side.

5. Deviance in Sport
Athlete are often encouraged to behave in ways which would not be allowed in other areas of life.
Similar behaviour outside of sport could result in arrests and prosecution.
Deviant behaviour can be caused by the pressure of media coverage, commercialism or the pressure to win.

6. Under Conformity and Negative Deviancy
Here the athlete rejects rules.
Involves cheating, deliberately harming another player, drug taking etc.
Should be easy to control.
Rule violations can be punished appropriately.

7. Over Conformity and Positive Deviancy
Here the athlete goes too far in conforming with the rules.
Involves obsessive training, participating despite injury and being praised for this or when normal life suffers.
The athlete takes risks, makes sacrifices and pays the price in order to conform.
More difficult to control.
Would benefit from reassessment by those in control of the sport’s ethics and meaning.

8. Sport Ethic (Coakley 1993) Sport ethic has 4 core elements:
Athletes make sacrifices for the game
Athletes strive for distinction
Athletes accept risks and play through pain
Athletes accept no limits in the pursuit of possibilities

9. Issues we will Cover Aggression in sport by athletes
Spectator violence and football hooliganism
Drug taking by athletes

10. A recap from module 4 psychology
Aggression in Sport
A recap from module 4 psychology

11. What is Aggression?
Any behaviour which intends physical or psychological harm to another person who is motivated to avoid it.
This is different from other terms used in sport like assertive, rough or competitive.

12. How Sport leads to Aggression
Participating in or spectating sport leads to frustration, which leads to violence.
Sportspeople learn to associate violence as a means to achieve success.
The dominance of ‘male’ behaviour in sport leads people to believe that men are naturally superior to women because they have greater strength and more violent tendencies.

13. Aggression within Sport
Frustration in sport caused by officials’ decisions or environmental conditions which lead to anger and are then is expressed as aggression.
Frustration can be stimulated when athletes use equipment which are associated with violence.
Aggression is more likely within spectators when they identify strongly with one side.
Contact sports lead to most on pitch violence. This is compounded by large rewards for winning and high expectations of coaches and fans.

14. Aggression within Sport
Tolerance of rule violations seem to increase as the level of competition increases.
‘Enforcers’ in ice-hockey are employed to intimidate and carry out acts of violence within the game, but they do not feel anger or frustration.
As female participation In contact sports has increased it has become apparent that they also use violence as a strategy. They are still not as violent as men.
Men who make mistakes in a game experience comments like ‘playing like a girl’ driving them to prove their masculinity through violence.