1. EDSGN Kick Off Meeting – 2/27/2012 Steelmaking Basics and Project Overview R. Zellers

2. Steelmaking Process Map - Iron

3. Steelmaking Process Map - Refining

4. Basic Oxygen Furnace – Raw Materials Fluxes Coolant Fuel

5. BOF - Reactions Decarburization 2C + O 2  2CO (reaction occurs in bath, CO to off gas) 2CO + O 2  2CO 2 (reaction occurs above bath, CO 2 to off gas) Silicon Oxidation Si + O 2  SiO 2 (reaction occurs in bath, SiO 2 to slag) Manganese Oxidation Mn + O 2  MnO Aluminum Oxidation 4Al + 3O 2  2Al 2 O 3 + HEAT!

6. Chemistry of “Open” Steel C 0.04% Mn 0.1% Cr 0.01% Cb 0.00% Al 0.00%

7. BOF – Order of Reactions – Ellingham Diagram Temperature Energy 4Al + 3O 2  2Al 2 O 3 2Ca + O 2  2CaO Si + O 2  SiO 2 2Mn + O 2  2MnO 4Cr + 3O 2  2Cr 2 O 3 C + O 2  CO 2 2C + O 2  2CO Fe + O 2  FeO 2 Si: All Al: All Ca: All Mn: 1/3 Cr: 1/2

8. Alloying – Why & Where? Aluminum – Deox, aluminum-nitride grain refining Carbon – Strengthener Calcium – Inclusion modification, castability Chrome – Hardening, corrosion resistance Columbium (Niobium) – Grain refining Manganese – Strengthener, heat treatment hardening BOF during tap – Good mixing, allows for “settling” Ladle met facility – Greater control

9. Alloy Calculation Example: LCAK Mn addition Aim: 0.5% Already in steel from BOF: 0.1% Needed from alloy: 0.4% Heat Size: 440,000 lb HC Mn: 78% Mn, 90% Recovery (note: “pure alloy” in project) Calculation: (0.4% Mn/steel) * (440,000 lb steel) = 1760 lb Mn (1760lb Mn) / (78% Mn/HC Mn * 90% Recovery) = 2500 lb HC Mn

10. Project Part 1 – No Off Chemistries Separate advanced high strength steel (AHSS) from scrap autos Use mix of AHSS and low carbon aluminum-killed (LCAK) scrap to make LCAK heat Part 2 – Cost Savings Utilize AHSS scrap to make line pipe heat Calculate addition alloys needed