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2. ANSWER 1 He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences.

3. 1a Alexander the Great

4. 2 ANSWER President of Egypt between 1970 and 1981. He was assassinated by Islamic fundamentalists for making peace with Israel

5. 2a Anwar al-Sadat

6. 3 ANSWER President of the Palestine National Authority and Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organization. Considered by many to be a terrorist, he has in recent years been accepted as the legitimate authority to speak for the Palestinians. His goals is to create a homeland for the displaced Palestinians.

7. 3a Yasir Arafat

8. 4 ANSWER Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who migrated into India around 1500 BCE. They are responsible for many aspects of current Indian culture including their language, sacred texts called the Vedas, and a system of government that later evolved into the caste system.

9. 4a Aryans

10. 5 ANSWER Nationalist leader of Turkey who is responsible for modernizing and westernizing his country after World War I. This enabled Turkey to resist imperialist attempts at takeover by various European powers.

11. 5a Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

12. 6 ANSWER First emperor of Rome (27 BCE – 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

13. 6a Caesar Augustus

14. 7 ANSWER Islamic religious leader who led a fundamentalist revolution in Iran in 1979. Ruled until 1989.

15. 7a Ayatollah Khomeini

16. 8 ANSWER Enlightenment thinker from France who wrote a book called, The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. He states that government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch.

17. 8a Baron de Montesquieu

18. 9 ANSWER First Prime Minister of Israel.

19. 9a David Ben-Gurion

20. 10 ANSWER Latin American revolutionary responsible for the ousting of Spain from much of South America during the 19th century.

21. 10a Simón Bolívar

22. 11 ANSWER Early name of communists during the Russian Revolution of 1917

23. 11a Bolshevik

24. 12 ANSWER Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe.

25. 12a Napoleon Bonaparte

26. 13 ANSWER Leader of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1982. During his control of the Soviet Union, relations with the West, as well as the Soviet economy, experienced a long period of stagnation.

27. 13a Leonid Brezhnev

28. 14 ANSWER Roman general and statesman. He is responsible for setting up the imperial system in Rome which placed his grandnephew, Augustus, on the throne.

29. 14a Julius Caesar

30. 15 ANSWER French Cardinal and politician responsible for instituting absolutist practices in France

31. 15a Cardinal Richelieu

32. 16 ANSWER Leader of the Cuban Revolution and communist dictator of Cuba.

33. 16a Fidel Castro

34. 17 ANSWER An enlightened despot who ruled over Russia. She is responsible for many positive changes in Russia, as well as securing the country a warm water port.

35. 17a Catherine the Great

36. 18 ANSWER British politician and Prime Minster of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945, and 1951 to 1955. He is regarded as the finest British leader of the 20th century and was instrumental in leading Britain to victory during World War II.

37. 18a Sir Winston Churchill

38. 19 ANSWER He believed that the only cure for China’s social disorder was to stress a sense of social order and mutual respect, a philosophy that later became known as Confucianism.

39. 19a Confucius

40. 20 ANSWER Leader of the English Revolution that deposed the Stuart monarchs in favor of a short lived Republic.

41. 20a Oliver Cromwell

42. 21 ANSWER He was overthrown during the Russian Revolution of 1917.

43. 21a Czar Nicholas II

44. 22 ANSWER The white South African president who ended Apartheid in the early 1990s.

45. 22a F.W. de Klerk

46. 23 ANSWER Latin American revolutionary. He is one of the main leaders of the Latin American independence movement

47. 23a Jose de San Martín

48. 24 ANSWER Chinese Communist leader. Ruled from 1978 until 1997

49. 24a Deng Xiaoping

50. 25 ANSWER Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

51. 25a Elizabeth I