1. 1 Syntax 2 Essays: deadline extended to Monday 2nd, but must be printed on paper. Emailed essays must still arrive by 30th. Morphology homework by 26th. Also on 26th, there may be time to discuss your essays with classmates and me; so, print what you have so far, and bring any useful books, URLs or materials to the class.

2. 2 Non-constituents man danced is not a constituent – It’s not a VP or NP or anythingP – Because you can’t swap it for anything else The old [man danced] the lambada *The old [man] the lambada *The old [danced] the lambada (remember what * means?)

3. 3 Phrase structure rules Now, you know this phrase structure rule: – S  NP VP (a sentence comprises a noun phrase followed by a verb phrase) Here are two more phrase structure rules: – VP  V NP – NP  N We will assume (for the exam and other purposes) that all the phrase structure rules for English are those listed on page 150 – Really, of course, there are many more!

4. 4 Reading 123 – 130 Don’t forget the morphology homework And that the essay deadline is 30th December The final exam will include questions on – the topics covered before the mid-term exam – morphology, including some similar to the Fromkin exercises – whatever we cover in syntax. You will certainly be asked to draw trees!

5. 5 爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人

6. 6 “with the telescope” is indeed a PP – NOT an AP! – Sorry! These S nodes are sentential complements

7. 7 Complements A complement  an object (of a verb) – Like fish here: There is another kind of complement – Sentential complement: – New rule: VP  V S

8. 8 Complementizers (that, if etc.) Simple enough: Complementizer that is optional:

9. 9 Other complementizers may not be optional Like if – More rules: CP  COMP S VP  V CP *We wonder Tracy ate her fish. Does Chinese have a complementizer which means that? Give examples of its use, and draw trees.

10. 10 Heads Remember endocentric compounds? – Like greenhouse, a kind of house – The compound describes the compound’s head Exocentric, like scarecrow – Not a kind of crow Heads in syntax are similar In the NP The long green lizard who was eating fish – The head must be a noun, because it’s an NP – And it’s… well, which word is the Head of the NP please?

11. 11 Heads 2 So the head of a VP is a V The head of an NP is an N What about the head of S? – What’s the head of The students must study hard – Is there one word that kind of “captures” or “covers” the whole sentence? (new rule for S, board sentencediscuss, tree, infinitive complement, selection p131, essay discussion)