1. English accents 6. Historical change (i)

2. final [g] after [ŋ] sɪŋg ˈsɪŋgɪŋg ˈsɪŋgə ˈfɪŋgə [g] retained in northwest England, lost elsewhere compare

3. the sound [x] lochlɒx, lɒk Bach bɑːx, bɑːk (German [bax]) The phoneme /x/ remains in Scottish English but has disappeared from English English …though sometimes used in foreign words

4. loss of [x] x → f x → zero cough, rough, laugh… high, bough, daughter… Loughborough ˈlʌfbərə x → θ Keighley x → ʃ Greenhalgh

5. long mid mergers pane peːn pain peɪn toe toː tow toʊ fall together lateleːt eighteɪt nosenoːz knowsnoʊz distinction remains in parts of Wales and the north of England

6. long mid diphthonging face feːs  feɪs day deɪ goatgoːt  goʊt (  gəʊt) monophthongs remain in parts of the north of England, and in Wales, Scotland and Ireland; also in the Caribbean, and in Indian and African English

7. FOOT-STRUT split fullfʊl dulldʊl  dʌl putpʊt cutkʊt  kʌt Except in the north of England, / ʊ / and / ʌ / have become separate phonemes

9. strong short vowel systems typical southern system (6 vowels) typical northern system (5 vowels) ɪ ʊ e ʌ æ ɒ ɪ ʊ ɛ TRAP a ɒ LOT FOOT STRUT FOOT-STRUT KIT DRESS TRAP LOT

10. NURSE merger servesɛrv  sɝːv (  sɜːv) curvekʊrv  kʌrv  kɝːv (  kɜːv) pearl pɛrl  pɝːl curl kʊrl  kɝːl These vowels remain distinct in Scottish and some Irish English