1. Syllable and Word Stress

2. Syllable A syllable is a basic unit of spoken language. This unit comprises uninterrupted sound that can be used to make up words. For example, the word hotel has two syllables: ho and tel. These will be marked here as in ho/tel.

3. Counting Syllables To find the number of syllables in a word, use the following steps: Count the vowels in the word Subtract any silent vowels, (like the silent e at the end of a word, or the second vowel when two vowels are together in a syllable) Subtract one vowel from every diphthong (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.) The number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables

4. Cont… The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For example: The word came has 2 vowels, but the e is silent, leaving one vowel sound and one syllable The word outside has 4 vowels, but the e is silent and the ou is a diphthong which counts as only one sound, so this word has only two vowel sounds and therefore, two syllables

5. Examples

6. What is Word Stress? In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly photograph, photographer, photographic

7. Other Examples TEACHer, JaPAN, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, CHINa The syllables that are not stressed are weak The syllables that are stressed are strong

8. Where do I Put Word Stress? The dictionaries giving the phonetic spelling of a word show which syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before the stressed syllable. Look at the example for the word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed.

9. Rules of Word Stress in English One word has only one primary stress We can only stress vowels, not consonants

10. Cont.. There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress: WordNoun/AdjectiveVerb absent ˈ æb.sntæb| ˈ sent conduct ˈ k ɒ n.d ʌ ktkən ˈ d ʌ kt present ˈ prez.ntpr ɪ | ˈ zent, prə- content ˈ k ɒ n.tentkən ˈ tent desert ˈ dez.ətd ɪ | ˈ z ɜː t perfect ˈ p ɜː.f ɪ k|tpə ˈ fekt, p ɜː - conflict ˈ k ɒ n.fl ɪ ktkən ˈ fl ɪ kt

11. Cont…

12. Cont..

13. Phonetics / fəˈnetɪks / the study of speech sounds and how they are produced RP – Received Pronunciation IPA – International Phonetic Alphabet Total Sounds : 44 Consonants : 24 Vowels : 20 Monophthongs : 12 Diphthongs: 08

14. Consonant /ˈkɒnsənənt / a speech sound made by completely or partly stopping the flow of air being breathed out through the mouth Consonant sounds with vocal chord vibration are voiced and the sounds without vocal chord vibration are voiceless. /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, tʃ, h/ are voiceless sounds, remaining are voiced sounds.

15. Vowel / ˈvaʊəl / A sound produced with no constriction in the vocal tract Monophthong / ˈmɒnəfθɒŋ / : a speech sound that consists of only one vowel sound, for example the sound / uː / in queue / kjuː / Monophthongs are sometimes called "pure" or "stable" vowels. A. The short vowels are /ɪ/ (as in kit), /ʊ/ (as in foot), /ʌ/ (as in strut), /æ/ (as in trap), /ɒ/ (as in lot), and /ə/ (as in the first syllable of ago and in the second of sofa)

16. Cont.. B. The long vowels are /iː/ (as in fleece), /uː/ (as in goose), /ɜː/ (as in nurse), /ɔː/ as in north, and /ɑː/ (as in father and start). Diphthong / ˈdɪfθɒŋ / : a combination of two vowel sounds or vowel letters, for example the sounds / aɪ / in pipe / paɪp / Triphthong / ˈtrɪfθɒŋ / : a combination of three vowel sounds or vowel letters, for example the sounds / aɪə / in fire / faɪə(r)