1. Ireland

3. Iceland and Ireland on the same scale

4. 103,000 km² 84,412 km² N.I. 1.8 m R.I. 4.5 m 73 /km 317.000 3 /km

5. Ireland North and South. –Northern Ireland, still a part of the UK –The Republic of Ireland, Eire, independent since 1921

7. Provinces and Counties http://www.spirited-ireland.net/map/_counties/

8. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/settlement.html

9. Ireland North and South. –“Northern Ireland” or Ulster, still a part of the UK –Ireland or Eire, independent since 1921 Two different origins of English in the North and the South,both dating from the 17th century. –South: Anglo-Irish (mostly from Western England) –North: displaced Scots

10. Ireland For the early period, 17th-18th cent the English of the North and South were cut off by a band of Irish across the middle of the country. Both fully rhotic: –alveolar or retroflex approx (not the Scottish roll ) –General lack of dark l (unlike Scottish)

11. Northern Ireland Consonants: –þ and ð occur (not as in South) –So no t-þ and d-ð merging –Fully rhotic, not rolled –Lack of dark l

12. Northern Ireland Vowels –Vowel system closer to Scottish English. –GOOSE and FOOT merged –TRAP and PALM merged (no TRAP-BATH split) –LOT and THOUGHT merged

13. Northern Ireland Vowels –Loss of phonemic vowel-length distinction: Aitken's Law rather than Lax/Tense and clipping –Recap Aitken's Law : except - always short

14. Northern Ireland Vowels –Aitken's Law in N.Ireland is slightly different: except - always short

15. Northern Ireland Vowels

16. Northern Ireland Vowels

17. Northern Ireland Vowels

18. Northern Ireland Vowels

19. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic Norse spoken in and around medieval Dublin English spoken in Ireland (The Pale) since around 1200 – settlers from Bristol Present-day English is from the ‘planters’ of the 17th century – predominantly from SW England Very conservative: very few traces of later British innovations

22. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic The 'brogue' (barróg 'accent, speech impediment, or bróg =shoe (from Norse brók) Very conservative: very few traces of later British innovations –No FLEECE Merging –No BATH Broadening –No H Dropping –No Glide Cluster Reduction –No Move towards R Dropping (unlike England)

23. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic Irish substratum: –vowel system basically Irish (Wells 410) –some substratum effects in the consonants too, but English consonants such as and z, which do not occur in Irish, have been added –Syntactic substratum: Sure I’m after tellin you It’s thinking I am you’ll be hungry

24. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic Vowels Unrounding of LOOK-STRUT Split, uncertain in places, but not with the same lexical incidents is a back unrounded centralised TRAP is [a] any, many with TRAP, = Annie, manny. No Long Mid Diphthonging: FACE, GOAT fe:s go:t KIT-Schwa MErger (Lenin-Lennon)

25. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic Consonants Þ and ð become dental stops t and d (this is heard by other British speakers as t and d, but outside Dublin there is a distinction between thin and tin, breathe and breed. Lenition of medial (=between vowels) and final consonants, esp /t/, to [t ] or even[h] nah01tAl 1sah0rde (graphic follows)

26. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic

27. Rhotic: r is dark, even retroflex l is light in all environments No H Dropping Scwa epenthesis: Dublin, petrol, Cathleen, film, form, tavern. Broad and narrow consonants

28. Southern Ireland – the Irish Republic