1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Life in the Middle Ages 500 C.E. to 1400 C.E.

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Chapter 12 Transformation of the Roman World The Lower Middle Ages The Christian Church Feudalism Western Europe During the High Middle Ages

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 The Roman to German Catholicism spreads into Europe through Clovis (482-511) a Germanic King Germans and Romans intermingle due to transition of power to Germanic Kingdoms as the Roman structures decline Germans Kingdoms – not as enlightened as the Romans  Example: Court systems vs. Wergeld (money for a man) and The Ordeal

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 The Roman Catholic Church Through Clovis and the Monastic Movement the conversion of Europe to Catholicism began  Monastic Movement is the creation of the monk – give up worldly trappings, chastity, poverty, and obedience to God and Church Great Catholic cities ruled by bishops or dioceses were Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch  Currently – Italy, Israel, Egypt, and Turkey

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 The European leadership of the Catholic Church The Bishop of Rome claimed he was the sole leader of the Western Christian Church The first Bishop of Rome was the Apostle Peter who died during the reign of Nero Crucified and hung upside down to suffer he is currently considered a martyr of the Christian faith

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Bishop to Pope As the Bishop of Rome was considered to be Peter’s successors they be came known as Popes from the Latin word papa or father. By the 6 th C papal authority of the Church in the West were concerting the pagan peoples of Germanic Europe. Greatest help in conversion were the monks and nuns who created monasteries for learning, hospitals, and scribes.

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 The Holy Roman Empire Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian Empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, mid 10 th century CE Military forays into eastern Europe Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church Pope John XII names Otto Emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 962 CE

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Charlemagne (768-814) “Decisive, intelligent, inquisitive, and strong statesman, and a pious Christian” Empire covered much of western and central Europe used counts and missi dominici as overseers.  Messengers of the lord king In 800, crowned Emperor of Rome Trade with Abbasid Empire

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 The Ninth and Tenth Century: Invasion Decline of the Carolingian rulers Invasion by Muslims southern coasts of Europe and into France Magyars from western Asia form Hungary convert to Christianity And the VIKINGS!

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Vikings!

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 21.5 m by 5 m 15 pairs of oars Built around 800 CE Found in burial mound in Norway

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 With settlement in Europe eventually Christianity is adopted.

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 The Life of Viking Vikings come from present day Sweden, Norway and Denmark They were merchants, warriors, and pillagers due to the lack of arable land in their home countries. Eventually permanent settlements will be made and Vikings will become part of the fabric of Europe. Travel as far as Bagdad but were unsuccessful as permanent Middle Eastern residents due to the power of Islam centralism.  Trade: furs, tusks, seal fat for boat sealant and slaves. See video clip on wiki

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Lords and Vassals Lords would hire Vassals providing them with land (Fiefs) in order to have their loyalty and military capability. Vassals would be provided for and have wealth (land holdings), Lords would have loyalty and insurance of power Vassals could also have vassals creating a hierarchy or lord- vassal relationship and greater and lesser landowners. A relationship between free man not servitude. Known as the Feudal Contract!

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 The Feudal Contract The contract between Lord and Vassal:  Lord is responsible for his vassal’s maintenance: Grant the vassal a fief  Lord is responsible for his vassal’s protection Militarily or in court

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Obligation of a Vassal to his Lord:  Perform military service (40 days/year)  Appear at court when summoned to give advice to the Lord  Sit it judgment in a legal case  Provide aid or financial payments to the lord Knighting of the lord’s eldest son The marriage of his eldest daughter The ransom of a captured lord

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 Lords were made up of: Kings, dukes, counts, barons, and viscounts (even bishops and archbishops) Aristocracy held up politics, economics, and social power.

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 The medieval expansion of Europe, 1000- 1250 C.E.

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Tensions between Emperors and the Church Investiture Contest, late 11 th -early 12 th centuries Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) attempts to end practice of lay investiture Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106 CE) German peoples take opportunity to rebel  Quashed with difficulty

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 CE) Frederick I, “red beard” Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy) Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states Frederick forced to back down

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Regional Monarchies: France and England Capetian France  Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987 CE  Slowly expands authority out from Paris Normans in England  Descendants of Vikings, settled in France  Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror  Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Italy Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities Papal State directly controlled by Pope, good- sized territory in central Italy By 12 th century, city-states increasingly displace church control in northern Italy Normans invade southern Italy, displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities

23. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Iberian Peninsula Muslims control Iberian peninsula, 8 th -12 th centuries From 11 th century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories Late 13 th century, Muslims remain only in Granada

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Timeline Assignment See Handout

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Growth of the Agricultural Economy Increasing development of arable lands  Minimized threat of invading nomads  Clearing of swamps, forests in Northern Europe Improved agricultural techniques  Crop rotation ½ to 2/3 fallow  New crops, esp. beans  Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than oxen)

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 European Population Growth, 800-1300 CE

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Revival of Towns and Trade Urbanization follows increase in food supply Specialization of labor  Textile production Mediterranean Trade  Italy well-positioned for sea trade  Italian colonies established in major ports of Mediterranean, Black seas

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 The Hanseatic League “Hansa,” association of trading cities Trade in Baltic and North seas  Flanders  Poland, northern German, Scandinavia

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Social Change The Three Estates  Those who pray: clergy  Those who fight: knights  Those who work: peasants Oversimplification of complex social reality

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Chivalry Code of conduct for nobles Sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among Christians Technically, knight to dedicate his efforts to promotion of Christianity  Protection of women

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Troubadours Class of traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers Borrowed Islamic traditions of love poetry Spread of cultural ideas to Europe  Popular among aristocratic women  Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) major supporter Popularization of idea of romantic love, refinement of European knights

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Independent Cities Additions to class of “those who work”  Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc. Awkward fit into tripartite caste system By late 11 th century, towns demand charters of integration for greater self-government

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Guilds Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans By 13 th century guilds control good portion of urban economy  Price and quality control  Membership Created social support network  Apprentice  Journeyman  Master Crafter

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Urban Women New economic opportunities for women Dominated needle trade Representation in wide variety of trades Admitted to most guilds  Some guilds for women only

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Cathedral Schools During early middle ages, European society too unstable to provide institutions of advanced learning Some rudimentary education at monasteries, occasional scholars at courts High middle ages (1000-1300 CE) increasing wealth makes education possible Schools based in cathedrals Curriculum of Latin writings  Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Universities Academic guilds formed in 12 th century Both student and faculty organizations Higher standards of education promoted Treatment of students in town major source of concern

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 The Influence of Aristotle Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts circulate in Europe Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other translations from Arabic translations St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), major proponent of Scholasticism  Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle  University of Paris

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Popular Religion Population at large remained unaffected by Scholasticism The Seven Sacraments gain ritual popularity  Esp. Eucharist Devotion to Saints  Heavenly intercession, pilgrimages, veneration of relics The Virgin Mary

39. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 Religious Movements Rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman Catholic Church Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182- 1226) create orders of mendicants  Vows of poverty  Dominic will create the Dominicans who will play roles as the inquisitors of the papal Inquisition Popular preachers Religious zealots, very opposed to heretical movements

40. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 Popular Heresy (southern France, northern Italy) Waldesians  Urged more lay control of preaching, sacraments The Cathars (Albigensians)  Influenced by religious movements in eastern Europe  Chastity, vegetarianism, poverty  Pope Innocent III virtually destroys Cathar movement in 13 th century

41. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 Reform of the Papacy! Pope felt there was too much power in the hands of Kings and Lords and that the Church should control who or who was not in positions of power within the Church. Issue comes to ahead with Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) and King Henry IV (1056-1106) of Germany Agreement by their successors in 1122 the Concordat of Worms.

42. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 The Concordat of Worms I, bishop Calixtus, servant of the servants of God, do grant to thee beloved son, Henry-by the grace of God august emperor of the Romans-that the elections of the bishops and abbots of the German kingdom, who belong to the kingdom, shall take place in thy presence, without simony and without any violence; so that if any discord shall arise between the parties concerned, thou, by the counsel or judgment of the metropolitan and the co-provincials, may'st give consent and aid to the party which has the more right. The one elected, moreover, without any exaction may receive the regalia from thee through the lance, and shall do unto thee for these what he rightfully should. Be he who is consecrated in the other parts of the empire (i.e. Burgundy and Italy) shall, within six months, and without any exaction, receive the regalia from thee through the lance, and shall do unto thee for these what he rightfully should. Excepting all things which are known to belong to the Roman church. Concerning matters, however, in which thou dost make complaint to me, and dost demand aid-1, according to the duty of my office, will furnish aid to thee. I give unto thee true peace, and to all who are or have been on thy side in the time of this discord.

43. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 43 In the name of the holy and indivisible Trinity, I, Henry, by the grace of God august emperor of the Romans, for the love of God and of the holy Roman church and of our master pope Calixtus, and for the healing of my soul, do remit to God, and to the holy apostles of God, Peter and Paul, and to the holy catholic church, all investiture through ring and staff; and do grant that in all the churches that are in my kingdom or empire there may be canonical election and free consecration. All the possessions and regalia of St. Peter which, from the beginning of this discord unto this day, whether in the time of my father or also in mine, have been abstracted, and which I hold: I restore to that same holy Roman church. As to those things, moreover, which I do not hold, I will faithfully aid in their restoration. As to the possessions also of all other churches and princes, and of all other lay and clerical persons which have been lost in that war: according to the counsel of the princes, or according to justice, I will restore the things that I hold; and of those things which I do not hold I will faithfully aid in the restoration. And I grant true peace to our master pope Calixtus, and to the holy Roman church, and to all those who are or have been on its side. And in matters where the holy Roman church shall demand aid I will grant it; and in matters concerning which it shall make complaint to me I will duly grant to it justice.

44. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 44 Crusading Orders Religious Christians form military-religious orders  Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism Founded churches and monasteries

45. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 45 The Re-conquest of Sicily and Spain Sicily taken by Muslims in 9 th century, reconquered by Normans in 11 th century  Slow displacement of Islam  Opportunity for cross-cultural fertilization Two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest Become nucleus of reconquest, 1060s-1492 Rapid, forceful assertions of Christian authority

46. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 46 The Beginning of the Crusades Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 Salvation promised for casualties Rapid, enthusiastic response Peter the Hermit raises popular frenzy, mob destroyed on way to Jerusalem

47. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 47 The First Crusade 1096-1099 more organized expedition Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim organization Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in 1187

48. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 48 The Crusades

49. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 49 Later Crusades and their Consequences Five crusades by mid-13 th century, none successful Fourth Crusade destroys Constantinople, 1202- 1204 Yet Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies, trade  Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production

50. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 50 The Black Death 14 th Century Deadly bacteria (Yersinia pestis) carried on Black flea ridden rats Carried by travelers and Mongol nomads Devastates a 1/3 of the world’s population Consequences  Decreased trade  Shortages of workers increases the cost of labour  Rental income declining  New government taxes leads to revolt!

51. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 51

52. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 52 The Consequences of the Black Death The English Peasant Revolt of 1381  Easily crushed by the land owners and the King but social unrest will forever be a characteristic of European history! Political Instability: The 100 Years War  Inventions: the longbow vs the crossbow (English), and the cannon (French)  Joan of Arc  Mid 13 th and 14 th Centuries  Lack of male heirs  Paid Soldiers causing debt

53. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 53 The Decline of the Church Disaster of the Black Plague The French ability to tax the clergy The moving of the Pope to Avignon and the auspiciousness of wealth created criticism among Catholics. The move declines the stature of the Pope as he is no longer upheld by the pope St. Peter

54. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 54 The Great Schism Split between the Roman Catholic Church  French Pope at Avignon and Italian Pope in Rome  Both leaders described the other as the Anti-Christ causing undermining of the faith  1417 a compromise is made but the church will no longer have the influence over Kings and people has it once had.