1. Holt Call to Freedom Chapter 16: Expanding West (1790-1850)

2. 16.1 The Spanish West and Southwest Objectives: Examine how society was structured in Spanish California, New Mexico, and Texas. Identify the events leading to the establishment of the republic of Mexico. Describe how the Mexican war for independence affected California and Texas. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

3. I. Life in Northern New Spain © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 3

4. I. Life in Northern New Spain © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 4 A.New Spain’s northern frontier consisted of California, New Mexico, and Texas.

5. Source: http://www.pentaclespress.com/anasazi_quest_map.jpg

6. B. New Mexico © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 6 1.Oldest and most important of the three provinces; had its capital at Santa Fe 2.By mid-1700s, Spanish settlers lived in small villages scattered across the region.

7. Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/national_parks/santa_fe_trail94.jpg

8. B. New Mexico © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 8 3.Pueblo Indians introduced the Spanish to southwestern foods and the use of the adobe as a building material. 4.Spanish settlers brought new foods and tools to the Pueblo communities.

9. Source: http://www.kathleenwelker.com/SouthWest/Pueblo%20Village%20Women%26%20Dog.jpg

10. C. California © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 10 1.Catholic missions were the center of life in colonial California. 2.Between 1769 and 1823, the Spanish built a string of 21 missions along the California coast; Spanish military forts called presidios guarded the missions.

11. Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/3615/map.shtml Layout of Mission San Juan Capistrano. This was the 7th Mission when it was founded by Father Serra in 1776.

12. Source: http://www.nps.gov/prsf/coast_defense/spanish/images/spanpres.jpg Artist’s rendition of 1790s Presidio

13. C. California © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 13 3.American Indians lived at the missions and performed most of the labor, such as farming and ranching the vast mission lands. 4.Crowded living conditions at the missions led to outbreaks of disease, which killed tens of thousands of mission Indians over the years.

14. C. California © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 14 5.In 1821 California had only some 3,200 Spanish colonists, called Californios.

15. II. Early Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 15

16. II. Early Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 16 A.The Spanish mission system in Texas was weaker than that in California. 1.Texas had up to 40 missions but they were far apart from each other. 2.Few Spaniards moved to Texas during the early 1700s, in part because of fear of attack from local American Indians, such as the Apache and the Comanche.

17. B. Life in Spanish Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 17 1.The Spanish government offered land grants to lure settlers to Texas. 2.Only a few thousand Spanish settlers, called Tejanos, lived there by mid-1700s. 3.Tejanos introduced cattle- ranching to the region.

18. Source: http://el-mesteno.com/archives/escandon_photos/tejanos.JPG José de Escandón Festivities - Nov. 14, 1998 - Alice, Texas Los Tejanos from the 1830s

19. III. Mexico Gains Independence © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 19

20. A. Revolt © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 20 1.In 1810 poor American Indians and mestizos revolted. 2.Revolt was led by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican priest.

21. http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/h/hidalgo.htm

22. A. Revolt © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 22 3.Reforms included ending enslavement and unfair taxation of American Indians. 4.In 1811 the Spanish defeated the rebels and executed Father Hidalgo.

23. Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/hidalgo.htm Hidalgo executed on July 30, 1811

24. B. Victory © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 24 1.Other individuals continued the revolution and Hidalgo’s reforms. 2.In 1821 Agustín de Iturbide led the rebels to victory.

25. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/iturbide-1.jpg

26. B. Victory © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 26 3.Mexico became a nation independent from Spain. 4.The Constitution of 1824 made Mexico a republic.

27. Source: http://www.foundus.com/special/room304/images/1800map.jpg

28. IV. Changes in California and Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 28

29. A. California © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 29 1.In 1833 Mexico ended the mission system and gave the lands to Californios. 2.A group of some 500 Californio families created large ranchos, or ranches, worked mainly by American Indians.

30. B. Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 30 1.During the war, many Tejanos fled or were killed; by 1821 only about 2,500 Tejanos remained, most on scattered ranches and in a few towns. 2.Officials decided to recruit more settlers to prevent intrusion or attack.

31. 16.2 Texas Gains Independence Objectives: Identify the reason why many U.S. settlers in Texas rebelled against the Mexican government. Analyze the most important events of the Texas Revolution. Explain the result of the Texas Revolution. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 31

32. I. American Settlers in Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 32

33. A. Attracting Settlers © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 33 1.Mexico hired empresarios, or agents, to bring settlers to Texas. 2.Empresarios received land in exchange for bringing groups of settlers. 3.In 1821 Stephen F. Austin founded a colony of some 300 American families.

34. Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836) Source: http://www.lsjunction.com/people/austin.htm

35. B. The Settlers © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 35 1.By 1834 more than 20,000 Americans had moved to Mexican Texas. 2.Most of these settlers came from the southern United States. 3.Lured by the promise of cheap or free land grants from the government

36. II. Trouble in Texas © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 36 Source: http://digital.zayas.ws/Hispano/Texas/DeTexas/longhorn.jpg

37. A. Requirements for Foreign Immigrants © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 37 1.Had to become Mexican citizens and obey Mexican laws 2.Had to support the Roman Catholic Church

38. B. Sources of Tension © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 38 1.Many Americans did not adapt to Mexican culture and ignored Mexican laws. 2.Some American settlers came illegally and felt little loyalty to Mexico.

39. Source: http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/

40. B. Sources of Tension © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 40 3.Mexican officials worried that they might lose control of Texas. 4.Some American settlers and Tejanos thought they were unfairly represented in the Mexican government.

41. C. The Mexican Government © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 41 1.Began enforcing its laws more strictly in Texas 2.Limited American immigration to Texas, tried to keep settlers from bringing in slaves, raised tariffs on American goods, and sent more soldiers to Texas

42. Source: http://digital.zayas.ws/Hispano/Texas/DeTexas/texans.htmhttp://digital.zayas.ws/Hispano/Texas/DeTexas/texans.htm Third Flag of the Republic - 1846

43. C. The Mexican Government © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 43 3.Jailed Stephen F. Austin, who had traveled to Mexico to request more self-government for Texans 4.In 1834 General Antonio López de Santa Anna, who had been elected president of Mexico, suspended Mexico’s republican constitution.

44. III. The Texas Revolution Begins © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 44 http://www.roebuckclasses.com/201/images/santa-anna-1.jpg General Antonio López de Santa Anna

45. III. The Texas Revolution Begins © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 45 A.The Texas Revolution began in the town of Gonzalez in October 1835.

46. The Gonzales Flag - 1835 Source: http://www.your-lawyer.ca/framed.htmlhttp://www.your-lawyer.ca/framed.html

47. III. The Texas Revolution Begins © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 47 B.A group of Texans formed a temporary government with the goal of defeating Santa Anna and restoring Mexico’s suspended Constitution of 1824.

48. C. The Alamo © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 48 1.A force of 189 Texas volunteers defended the Alamo, an old mission in San Antonio, against 1,800 Mexican troops led by Santa Anna. 2.In March 1836, after a 13-day siege, Mexican forces attacked and killed all the Alamo defenders; Santa Anna spared a few Texans not involved in the fighting.

49. Source: http://www.northupfamily.com/Joannas.htmlhttp://www.northupfamily.com/Joannas.html The Alamo: San Antonio, Texas

50. III. The Texas Revolution Begins © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 50 D.At the Battle of Goliad, outnumbered Texas forces surrendered, after which Santa Anna had almost all of them executed.

51. IV. Texas Becomes a Republic © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 51 The Alamo Flag - 1835-1836 Source: http://www.your-lawyer.ca/framed.htmlhttp://www.your-lawyer.ca/framed.html

52. IV. Texas Becomes a Republic © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 52 A.Texas delegates declared independence four days before the Battle of the Alamo.

53. IV. Texas Becomes a Republic © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 53 B.On April 21, 1836, the Texas army, under the command of Sam Houston, surprised and defeated Santa Anna’s army at the Battle of San Jacinto.

54. Sam Houston, "The Raven" Born in Virginia. 1793-1863 Lawyer, elected to Congress in 1823 and 1825. Elected Governor of Tennessee in 1827. Source: http://www.hellohouston.com/Houston/images/Sam%20Houston%20c1850med.jpg

55. Source: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/atlas_texas/san_jacinto_battle_1836.jpg

56. IV. Texas Becomes a Republic © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 56 C.Texans captured Santa Anna and forced him to give Texas its independence.

57. Source: http://www.earlytexashistory.com/Pasadena/sacapture.jpg Market on site of Santa Anna’s capture

58. 16.3 The Lone Star Republic Objectives: Identify the difficulties American Indians and Tejanos faced in the Republic of Texas. Explain what drew new immigrants to Texas. Describe the economic and foreign challenges that faced the Texas government. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 58

59. I. Texas Faces the World © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 59

60. A. The independent nation of Texas was called the Republic of Texas. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 60 1.Voters elected Sam Houston as the first president. 2.Mirabeau Lamar served as the first vice president.

61. Source: http://www.cah.utexas.edu/exhibits/Pena/images/Houston_Large.jpg

62. Source: http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/images/mlamar.jpg

63. B. The United States © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 63 1.In 1837 Texas asked the United States to annex, or take control of, Texas. 2.Most Texans hoped their nation would become a U.S. state.

64. Source: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/texas-maps.htm

65. B. The United States © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 65 3.U.S. President Andrew Jackson worried that annexing Texas would upset the Union’s balance between free and slave states and might start a war with Mexico. 4.As a result, Jackson rejected annexation, but recognized Texas independence.

66. C. Other Nations © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 66 1.France and Great Britain also recognized the Texas government. 2.Mexico refused to recognize Texas as an independent nation.

67. II. American Indians and Tejanos © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 67

68. II. American Indians and Tejanos © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 68 A.As president, Sam Houston supported a policy of peace with American Indians.

69. II. American Indians and Tejanos © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 69 B.Mirabeau B. Lamar, who became Texas president in 1838, wanted American Indians to leave their homelands in Texas and threatened them with military force.

70. II. American Indians and Tejanos © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 70 C.By the 1840s, Texans had forced most American Indians from their eastern lands.

71. II. American Indians and Tejanos © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 71 D.Tejanos in the Republic lost land, political power, and property.

72. III. New Immigrants © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 72 A.In 1836 the Texas population was about 52,700.

73. B. Immigrants © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 73 1.Texas offered free land grants to Americans and Europeans. 2.Some 10,000 people came to Texas from 1836 to 1847. 3.U.S. settlers from southern states made up the largest group of immigrants.

75. C. African Americans © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 75 1.The Texas Constitution of 1836 legalized slavery in Texas. 2.The number of slaves rose from some 5,000 in 1836 to almost 70,000 by 1845. 3.Fewer than 400 free African Americans lived in Texas by 1850.

77. Source: http://docsouth.unc.edu/texconst/texascv.jpg

78. III. New Immigrants © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 78 D.Germans made up the largest group of European immigrants to Texas.

79. IV. Struggles of the Republic © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 79

80. IV. Struggles of the Republic © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 80 A.The Republic of Texas had a small, scattered population and few large cities.

81. B. Economy © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 81 1.Based largely on farming and ranching, with very little industry 2.The Texas government had little cash, and the nation’s debt rose dramatically.

82. C. Defense © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 82 1.With little money, Texas had trouble defending its territory. 2.Houston disbanded the army; relied on the state militia and the Texas Rangers.

83. Source: http://www.rootsweb.com/~txbowie/pics/TexasRangers2.JPG

84. C. Defense © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 84 3.Lamar authorized an attack on Mexican territory in 1841, but the attack failed. 4.Texas and Mexico signed a peace treaty in 1844.

85. 16.4 Oregon and the Far West Objectives: Identify the reasons Americans first traveled to the Rocky Mountains and farther west. Explain why Americans decided to settle in Oregon Country. Describe what life was like on the Oregon Trail. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 85

86. I. The Fur Traders © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 86

87. A. A Market for Furs © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 87 1.Mountain men – fur traders and trappers who traveled to the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest 2.Eastern businesses hired mountain men to supply furs used to make hats and clothing. 3.John Jacob Astor – owner of the American Fur Company, one of the largest businesses that bought furs from trappers.

89. B. The Mountain Men © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 89 1.Lived lonely and often dangerous lives 2.Adopted American Indian customs and clothing 3.Often married American Indian women

90. I. The Fur Traders © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90 C.Rendezvous – yearly meeting of fur traders, which was marked by storytelling and celebrations in addition to business

91. D. Decline of American Fur Trading © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 91 1.By the 1840s demand for furs declined as fashions changed. 2.Settlers gradually replaced the mountain men on the frontier.

92. II. Oregon Country © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 92

93. II. Oregon Country © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 93 A.Astoria, a small outpost at the mouth of the Columbia River, was one of the first American settlements in the region later called Oregon Country.

95. II. Oregon Country © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 95 B.In the early 1800s Oregon Country was occupied by American Indians. Great Britain, Russia, Spain, and the United States also claimed the region.

97. II. Oregon Country © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 97 C.In 1818 Great Britain and the United States agreed to jointly occupy Oregon Country. Spain gave up its claims in 1819, and Russia did the same in 1824.

98. II. Oregon Country © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 98 D.Few British or Canadians settled in the Pacific Northwest, but American settlers began arriving in growing numbers.

99. III. The Missionary Spirit © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 99

100. III. The Missionary Spirit © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 100 A.Missionaries were among the first Americans to settle in Oregon Country.

101. B. The Whitmans © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 101 1.Marcus and Narcissa Whitman settled in Oregon Country in 1836. 2.Worked to convert the local Cayuse Indians to Christianity, with limited success. 3.After some settlers introduced diseases that killed many Cayuse children, a group of angry Cayuse killed the Whitmans and some other settlers.

102. IV. A New Life Out West © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 102

103. IV. A New Life Out West © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 103 A.People moved to Oregon Country, mostly to Willamette Valley, to seek land and opportunity, especially after the economic hardships of the Panic of 1837.

104. IV. A New Life Out West © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 104 B.The rising number of American settlers led to more conflict with local American Indians and to more tension with Great Britain over control of the region.

106. V. The Oregon Trail © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 106

107. A. A Route West © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 107 1.Oregon Trail – route settlers took to Oregon Country and other western areas 2.Trail ran more than 2,000 miles across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

109. B. The Journey © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 109 1.Took about six months and cost a family of four about $600 in supplies 2.Settlers made the journey in wagon trains and faced shortages of food and water.

110. C. American Indians on the Oregon Trail © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 110 1.Often aided travelers by acting as guides or trading food for goods 2.Rarely attacked settlers, despite newspaper accounts to the contrary

111. 16.5 California and the Southwest Objectives: Identify the reasons Americans started traveling to California in the early 1800s. Explain why American merchants established a new route to New Mexico. Describe the types of images frontier artists painted. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 111

112. I. Going to California © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 112

113. A. The California Trail © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 113 1.The Oregon Trail split at the Snake River in present-day Idaho; and the southern route, which went to California, became known as the California Trail. 2.The California Trail passed through the Sierra Nevada mountain range.

114. The Snake River

115. Source: http://members.aol.com/DanMRosen/donner/California.jpg

116. B. The Donner Party © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 116 1.Group of travelers that headed west to California in the spring of 1846 2.Tried to take a shortcut and became lost

117. B. The Donner Party © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 117 3.Became trapped by heavy snows in the Sierra Nevada 4.A rescue party found the starving and freezing group in February 1847. 5.Of the original 87 travelers in the party, 42 had died.

118. C. Trade © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 118 1.California became a place for merchants from Mexico and the United States to meet and conduct business. 2.Mexican merchants sought manufactured goods from the United States.

119. C. Trade © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 119 3.American merchants sought gold and silver coins, cowhides, and tallow.

120. D. Population © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 120 1.Mexicans and American Indians made up most of California’s population. 2.Mexican officials did not want many Americans to settle in California. 3.In 1839, however, officials did let Swiss immigrant John Sutter start a colony, known as Sutter’s Fort, near the Sacramento River.

121. Sutter’s Fort

122. II. Other Southwestern Trails © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 122

123. II. Other Southwestern Trails © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 123 A.Most other major trails were trade routes rather than routes used by settlers.

124. B. The Santa Fe Trail © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 124 1.Ran from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico 2.American merchants transported manufactured goods along the trail to Santa Fe, where they traded with Mexican merchants for horses, mules, and silver.

125. B. The Santa Fe Trail © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 125 3.Was a long, difficult, and dangerous route across the desert and mountains 4.The U.S. government provided troops and money to protect wagon trains and to prevent American Indian attacks.

126. Santa Fe Trail

127. II. Other Southwestern Trails © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 127 C.The Old Spanish Trail began in Santa Fe and ran to Southern California.

128. III. Frontier Artists © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 128

129. A. George Catlin © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 129 1.Gave up a career as a portrait artist and headed west 2.Painted more than 500 images of American Indians 3.Was popular in the East, where thousands of people visited his art shows 4.Also displayed American Indian clothing and gave talks at this shows

130. B. Other Artists © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 130 1.Alfred Jacob Miller painted western landscapes and images of mountain men. 2.John Mix Stanley and Seth Eastman painted American Indians and the West.

131. B. Other Artists © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 131 3.Some western frontier artists exaggerated things in their paintings. 4.Western artists shaped the ideas of people in the eastern United States and in Europe about the American West.