1. Sigmund Freud “Inner Conflict” Approach To Personality
Physician in Vienna, Austria in the late 1800’s
Treated patients with no medical explanation for the symptoms
Concluded people’s conscious ideas and feelings occupy only a small part of the brain and a person’s deepest thoughts, fears, and urges remain out of our awareness. They are in our unconscious part of the mind.

2. Freud’s Methods Talk Therapy – say whatever pops into the mind
Comfortable environments –couch
Dream Analysis
Hypnosis

3. Three Basic Psychological Structures of the MindId
Ego
Super Ego

4. “I want what I want, and I want it now!”
Id-
Basic Drives – hunger, thirst, sex
Demands pleasure through instant gratification
Ignores rules, laws, social customs, or needs of others
Pleasure Principle – the urge for immediate release of energy or emotion that will bring personal gratification, relief, or pleasure.

5. “Stands for Reason and Good Sense”
Ego
Develops because a child’s demands for instant gratification cannot be met or because demands may be harmful.
Reality Principle – the understanding that in the real world we cannot always get what we want.
Seeks to satisfy the appetites of the id in ways consistent with reality.
Provides the conscious sense of self
Acts as a censor for wild, indecent, or improper impulses of the id. It tries to repress the impulses.

6. “It gives us our Moral Sense”
Super Ego
Develops throughout early childhood
Moral Principle – incorporates the standards and values of parents and members of the community
Acts as our conscious and floods the ego with feelings of guilt and shame
Healthy people find a way to balance the childish demands of the Id with the warnings of the Super Ego.

7. Defense Mechanisms
Methods the Ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety.
They operate unconsciously.

8. Repression
Removes anxiety-causing ideas from conscious awareness by pushing them into the unconscious.
Tea Kettle Comparison- peoples urges try to come out like steam from a kettle, but releasing those urges would cause shame and guilt, so a person tries to keep a lid on the urges.
Problem – People “pop their lids” or have extreme outbursts of emotion, such as anger.

9. Rationalization
The use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behavior or ideas.
Example: I only cheated on a few of the test questions, but I knew most of the material. Therefore, I deserve the grade I got.
Example: I will take this $10.00 from my mom’s wallet, she won’t miss it and she would have given it to me if I had asked.

10. Displacement
The transfer of an idea or impulse from a threatening or unsuitable object to a less threatening object.
Example: Your mom yells at you to clean your room, so on the way you kick the dog or you yell at a sibling.

11. Regression
When an individual is under a great deal of stress he or she will return to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development.
Example: An adult going through a divorce may become very reliant on his or her parents.
Example: An older child may revert to thumb sucking after a traumatic experience.

12. Projection
People sometimes deal with unacceptable impulses by projecting these impulses outward onto other people.
People see their own faults in others.
Example: May think their girlfriend is cheating on them because of their own impulse to do so.
Example: See others as hostile, rather than admit their own hostility.

13. Reaction Formation
People act contrary (opposite) to their own genuine feelings in order to keep their true feelings hidden.
Example: You are mad at someone so you behave extremely nice toward them.
Example: You like someone so you are mean to them.

14. Denial
A person refuses to accept the reality of anything that is bad or unsettling.
Example: “It can’t happen to me” Syndrome
Smoking is very bad for your health and those around you, but you do it anyway.
Sex before marriage leads to unwanted pregnancy, disease, ruined reputation, but you do it anyway.

15. Sublimation
People can channel their basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior.
Example: A person that has a lot of hostility and aggression could play football or other contact sports.

16. Effects of Defense Mechanisms
Used in moderation defense mechanisms are normal and useful.
Unhealthy if people ignore the underlying causes of their feelings.
People with a strong ego don’t need them and their presence may indicate inner conflict or personal anxiety.

17. Psychoanalytic Approach: Stages of Development
The Oral Stage
The Anal Stage
The Phallic Stage
The Latency Stage
The Genital Stage

18. The Oral Stage
Infants explore their world by picking up objects and putting them into their mouths.
The main source of pleasure (food) is received in the mouth.
Infants that do not get the proper adult attention at this stage may become fixated at this stage.
Smoking, Overeating, Excessive Talking, Nail Biting, etc.

19. The Anal Stage Occurs between 1 ½ and 2 ½ years of age
Children learn that they can control their own bodily functions
Self-control central issue
2 Adult Personality Types
Anal Retentive- excessive self-control and perfectionism
Anal Exclusive- careless and messy

20. Oedipus Complex
Boys
Oedipus – legendary Greek king who unknowingly killed his father and married his mother.
Boys strong attachment to mother and jealousy of father

21. Electra Complex
Girls
Electra- daughter of the Greek king. She loved him and sought revenge on his killers – her mother and her lover.
Girls strong attachment to father and jealousy of mother

22. The Phallic Stage Begins in the 3rd year of life
Children discover physical differences between the sexes
Body Focused
Children may develop a strong attachment to parents of the opposite sex. Daddy’s girl or Momma’s Boy
Rivalry with parent of the same sex
See case study of Little Hans
Depression, guilt and anxiety in later life possible

23. The Latency Stage Age 5 or 6
Children retreat from conflict with parents
Repress urges or the id
Latency means hidden
Impulses and emotions are pushed to unconscious

24. The Genital Stage Puberty
Adolescent becomes more aware of his or her own gender identity
May see conflicts from the earlier developmental stages resurface

25. Carl Jung
Heir to Freud
Analytic Psychology – places greater emphasis on the influences of mysticism and religion on human behavior.
Believed people have not only “personal unconscious”, but also an inherited “collective unconscious”

26. Collective Unconscious
Store of human concepts shared by all people across all cultures
Archetypes are the basic, primitive concepts of collective unconscious

27. Archetypes
Ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings
The Shadow
The Anima or Animus
The Divine Couple
The Child
The Self
(See handouts)

28. Sense of Self
The self is a unifying force of personality that gives people direction and provides a sense of completeness.
Four functions of the mind
Thinking
Feeling
Intuition
Sensation

29. Individuation
The ability to bring together the conscious elements elements of thinking, feeling, intuition or sensation with the unconscious archetypes.

30. Alfred Adler
Believed that people are basically motivated by a need to overcome feelings of inferiority
Coined phrase “Inferiority Complex”
Physical problems
Small size
Coined phrase “ Sibling Rivalry” – describes the jealousies found among brothers and sisters.

31. Creative Self
Believed self-awareness plays a major role in the formation of personality
The “creative self” is self aware and strives to overcome obstacles and develop the individual’s unique potential.
Theodore Roosevelt
Boomer Esiason

32. Karen Horney
Believed that childhood experiences play a major role in the development of adult personality.
Social Relationships
Parent-Child Relationships
Basic Anxiety – When parents treat child with indifference or harshness, child has feelings of insecurity.
Hostility – When parents neglect child
Repression- Child hides feelings to avoid driving the parent away

33. Erik Erikson
Believed Social Relationships are the most important factor in personality.
Mother-infant Relationship very important
People are entirely capable of making real and meaningful choices.
Stages of development named after the traits people might develop during each of them.

34. Erikson’s Stages of Development
Trust vs. Mistrust – (0-1)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – (2-3)
Initiative vs. Guilt – (4-5)
Industry vs. Inferiority – ( 6-12)
Identity vs. Role Diffusion – (13-18)
Intimacy vs. Isolation – (19-30)
Generativity vs. Stagnation – (middle adulthood)
Integrity vs. Despair – (late adulthood)