1. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Module 3: Exploring the options SWITCH Training Kit Module 3C: Sustainable wastewater management An overview

2. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management The issues facing urban wastewater management Environmental impacts Population growth Urbanisation Energy costs

3. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Links between urban wastewater management and other areas of the water sector Stormwater management Water supply Water treatment Water quality

4. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Links between wastewater management and other sectors of urban management Farming Parks, gardens and recreation Local economic development Energy Housing Health

5. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management The conventional approach Wastewater network to collect all wastewater streams from individual buildings Combined sewers Centralised treatment Discharge of treated effluent to receiving water bodies and disposal of sludge by- product

6. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Drawbacks of the conventional approach to urban wastewater management Pollution risk Cost Carbon emissions Failure to make use of resources Non-flexible

7. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management A more sustainable approach Separating wastewater flows such as urine, blackwater, greywater, industrial wastewater and stormwater at source Employing appropriate treatment methods (including natural systems) for different wastewater flows Reusing wastewater for different purposes

8. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Urine diversion toilets Greywater reuse systems Constructed wetlands Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT) Waste stabilisation ponds Bio-energy production A more sustainable approach Non-conventional wastewater treatment and reuse options include:

9. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Urban ecohydrology Source: Zalewski, Wagner, (2008)

10. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Benefits of non-conventional wastewater management solutions Increased access to sanitation Water savings Flexibility to change Reuse of nutrients for agriculture Financial savings Energy recovery Improved treatment

11. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Why non-conventional wastewater management solutions are more sustainable Social sustainability Economic sustainability Environmental sustainability Improved sanitation coverage Amenity value Creation of renewable resources Low investment and maintenance costs Reduced risk of contaminated effluent being discharged to the environment Reduced carbon emissions

12. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Examples of non-conventional wastewater management options

13. SWITCH Training Kit: Module 3C – Sustainable wastewater management Acknowledgements Ralph Philip and Barbara Anton ICLEI – Local Government’s for Sustainability based on the joint efforts of the following SWITCH partners: J.M. Cai (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Y, Feng (Hamburg University of Technology), Y. Hu (Hamburg University of Technology), W.H. Ji (Chinese Academy of Sciences), K. Kujawa (Wageningen University), A. Mels (Wageningen University), R. Otterpohl (Hamburg University of Technology), A. Roman (Hamburg University of Technology), M. Sanz (UNESCO-IHE), M. Snel (IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre), N. Stoll (Hamburg University of Technology), F. Tettenborn (Hamburg University of Technology), R. van Veenhuizen (ETC Foundation), E. von Münch (UNESCO-IHE), M. Winker (Hamburg University of Technology), A. Adin (Hebrew University of Jerusalem), A. Aharoni (Mekorot), G. Amy (UNESCO-IHE), H. Cikurel (Mekorot), D.J. Conran (University of Birmingham), A. Drobniewska (University of Lodz), P.A. Ellis (University of Birmingham), W. Fratczak (University of Lodz), R.B. Greswell (University of Birmingham), K. Izydorczyk (University of Lodz), C. Lydon (University of Birmingham), M.O. Rivett (University of Birmingham), D. Rousseau (UNESCO- IHE), S.K. Sharma (UNESCO-IHE), H. van Bruggen (UNESCO-IHE), I. Wagner (University of Lodz), M. Zalewski (University of Lodz) The UNESCO-IHE led SWITCH project runs from Feb. 2006 to Jan. 2011 and is part- financed by Directorate General Research of the European Commission under the Sixth Framework Programme. For more information see www.switchurbanwater.euwww.switchurbanwater.eu This presentation has been produced as part of the SWITCH Training Kit by: