1. If you were stranded on a deserted island…
What are three rules you would establish?

2. Current Unit: the enlightenment
Last Unit: Absolutism:
Current Unit: the enlightenment
Next Unit: French Revolution

3. Unit Terms and Names: Rousseau Montesquieu Philosophes Voltaire
Wollstonecraft
Adam Smith
Laissez Faire
Enlightened despots
Enlightenment
Reason
Salons
State of nature
Social contract
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes

4. Essential Questions
1. What was the Enlightenment and how was it influenced by reason?
2. How did the views of Hobbes and Locke about humans in their natural state affect their political ideas?
3. What new views did philosophers have about government?
4. What new views did philosophers have about society and the economy?

5. Introduction to Enlightenment Ideas

6. Definition of Enlightenment
A movement that applied reason to traditional ideas about government and society.
Reason: the ability to think or form judgments.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of democracy?

7. Image of Copernicus. Discovered in the 1400s that the earth rotated around the sun.

8. Heliocentric- Sun, not the earth, is in the center of the universe
Heliocentric- Sun, not the earth, is in the center of the universe. The earth revolves around the sun.
Geocentric- The earth was the center of the universe and the sun, moon, and planets revolved around the earth.

9. Effects of the Scientific Revolution on the Enlightenment
During the Scientific Revolution, reason was used to find laws about the world around us.
This caused people to apply reason to natural laws
Natural laws: Laws that govern human nature.

11. A Challenge to Existing Social and Political Structures
Enlightenment philosophers provided ideas that could be used to challenge existing social and political structures.
Old ideas included:
Divine right rule (power from God rule)
A strong social hierarchy (no social mobility)
Promises of a better life in heaven

12. Enlightenment Principles:
Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought.
Accept knowledge based upon observation, logic, and reason, not on faith.
Scientific and academic should be secular (non-religious).

13. Enlightenment Terms:
State of nature: No laws and no government to control people
Social Contract: An agreement in which people give up their state of nature to enter into an organized society.
Natural Rights: Rights that belonged to all humans from birth.
Included the right to life, liberty, and property.

14. Key Events in the Evolution of Democracy:
Democratic traditions started with the Greek city of Athens and the Republic of Rome.
During the Middle Ages, democratic institutions were replaced by feudal structures.
In England, democracy evolved over hundreds of years a key events, such as the creation of the Magna Carta and the Model Parliament, limited the power of the monarchy and increased the power of parliament to tax and make laws.
By the late 1700s, most European countries were monarchies like France. But, by the 1800s, many European countries followed England’s lead, and democratic institutions rose again in Europe.

15. Autocracy v. democracy

16. A government in which one person possesses unlimited power.
Autocracy:
A government in which one person possesses unlimited power.

17. A government in which power rests with the people.
Democracy:
A government in which power rests with the people.

18. SCENARIOS:
________1. A teacher decides there will be a test on Friday. ________2. A group of friends decide on which movie to go to by discussing three possible movies and voting on which on they want to see. ________3. A manager of a fast-food restaurant decides to give workers a 50 cent per hour raise. ________4. A mother listens to her daughter complain about not being allowed to stay out late at night and then decides to let her daughter stay out one hour later. ________5. A mother, father, and their three children all choose to go to the beach for vacation, even though one child wanted to go camping in the mountains. ________6. Todd planned a surprise romantic night for his girlfriend Dana. He took her to dinner at her favorite restaurant and then took her dancing at a new club. ________7. The citizens voted in favor of a city tax measure that would increase funding for libraries. ________8. The Mayor, elected by the citizens of the town, decided to build a new City Hall.

19. Hobbes and locke

20. THOMAS HOBBES
JOHN LOCKE

22. Rousseau and Montesquieu: The Impact of Their Ideas on Government

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) – The Social Contract
Committed to individual freedom
People were happiest when alone
Believed society corrupted people’s natural goodness
The only good government was one that was freely formed by the people.
Like Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau also used the concept of a “state of nature” to draw conclusions about society and government.
Rousseau is probably best known for his idea of the “social compact,” which he outlined in his book The Social Contract. Locke had viewed societies as having been created through mutual consent of all members. Rousseau went a step further, claiming that instead of mere consent, individuals forming a society entered into a “social compact” with one another. The social compact balanced benefits with obligations. Those who entered into it would receive mutual protection and defense, along with assistance in overcoming obstacles that they could not conquer individually. In return, the social compact obligated members of society to subordinate their “natural liberty” (i.e., the freedom enjoyed by individuals in the state of nature) to “the supreme direction of the general will.”

24. Rousseau – On the Social Contract
It would be guided by the “general will” or will of the majority
The social contract was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government
People agree to give up their freedom for the common good

25. Rousseau – Compared to Locke
Like Locke, he believed that legal government came from the consent of the people.
Rousseau believed in a democracy with much more participation than Locke
He argued that all people were equal and wanted to end titles of nobility

26. Rousseau – Impact of Ideas
Ideas inspired many leaders of the French Revolution to overthrow the monarchy
“General will” (direct democracy) would influence the U.S. Constitution
Public election of president and Congress

27. Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) - The Spirit of the Laws
Identified three types of governmental power
Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control
The Baron de Montesquieu was a French nobleman whose primary contributions to the Enlightenment’s political thought came in his 1748 treatise The Spirit of the Laws. Years before writing the treatise, Montesquieu had visited several European countries, carefully observing the workings of each nation’s government. In The Spirit of the Laws, he laid out a comparative study of types of governments, then put forward his own theory of government.

28. Montesquieu – Separation of Powers
Each branch would limit the power of the other branches to prevent absolute power
Led to the theory of Checks and Balances
Favored a constitutional monarchy based on the British model
Montesquieu identified three sorts of governmental power: legislative, executive “in respect to things dependent on the law of nations,” and executive “in regard to those things that depend on civil law” (i.e., the judiciary). Montesquieu believed that if one person or group of people held any two or all three of these powers, it would result in “tyrannical laws” executed in a “tyrannical manner.” His ideas here provided the basis for the doctrine known as “separation of powers,” which significantly influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution and thus the shaping of the American government.
Montesquieu did not believe that democracy was the best form of government. Instead, he favored a constitutional monarchy based on the British model. He greatly admired Britain’s government because he felt that Parliament, the king, and the courts worked separately and efficiently since each could limit the power of the other. This idea of the different branches of government each preventing the others from obtaining too much power later led to the theory of “checks and balances,” which also influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

29. Montesquieu – Impact of Ideas
France and Latin American nations used separation of powers in their new constitutions.
Separation of powers and checks and balances became the basis of the U.S. Constitution.
Federal System of
Government (national vs. state)

30. New views on society & the economy

31. Old views on society & the economy
Few personal rights such as freedom of religion or speech
A Women’s proper role was as a wife or mother
The government should have complete control over all economic activity

32. Voltaire (1694–1778)- Candide Used satire against his opponents
Fought for freedom of religion
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it”
Refers to his belief in freedom of speech, thought, and expression
François-Marie Arouet, known more famously as Voltaire, was the most renowned of the philosophes. A prolific writer, much of his work either satirized or attacked what he called the “relics” of the medieval social order—in particular, the church and the aristocracy. Despite—or perhaps because of—his controversial ideas, he was in high demand at salons not just in France but throughout Europe as well. He lived in the court of Frederick the Great for a time, and he was friends with Catherine the Great.
Above all, Voltaire attacked intolerance in society, politics, and religion. A famous quote usually attributed to Voltaire states, “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” He felt that all governments were susceptible to tyranny, but he greatly admired the British model.

33. Voltaire – Impact of Ideas
Freedom of Religion and Speech
Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights
Enlightened despots reduced persecution and reduced or eliminated censorship.

34. Wollstonecraft – A Vindication of the rights of women
She disagreed with Rousseau that women’s education should be secondary to men’s
Women, like men, needed education to become good and useful
Demanded equal rights for women, especially education

35. New Economic thinking
Physiocrats: Enlightenment thinkers that focused on economic reforms
They looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system
Believed that any attempt to interfere in the economy would lead to disaster
The primary role of the government was to protect property and to permit its owners to use it freely

36. Adam smith – The Wealth of Nations
Supporter of Laissez Faire – “let do” or leave things alone
Economic policy that allowed a business to operate with little or no government interference
Favored by physiocrats over mercantilism, which required government regulation of the economy
The law of supply and demand
In any business, prices would be determined by the relationship of the supply of a product and the demand for it

37. “Enlightened Despots”
Most of Europe was ruled by absolute monarchs
Enlightened Monarchs
Frederick II, Prussia
Catherine the Great, Russia
Maria Theresa, Austria
Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire
Gustav III, Sweden
Napoleon I, France
During the time of the Enlightenment, most of the countries in continental Europe were ruled by monarchs who exercised absolute power. Many of these monarchs read Enlightenment works and were intrigued by the new ideas thinkers put forth. The philosophes thought that an “enlightened” monarch could implement their ideas, which would result in better laws and a general improvement in the quality of life for all citizens. Some thinkers did end up corresponding with or advising European monarchs and eventually influenced many to put a range of Enlightenment ideals into practice.

38. Impact of the Philosophes
Believed the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights
Tried to convince monarchs to rule justly
Some thinkers ended up corresponding with or advising European monarchs
Voltaire advised Fredrick the Great and Catherine the Great of Russia

39. Enlightened Despots
Enlightened Despot: An absolute ruler who used their power to bring about political and social change.
They embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected enlightenment ideals.
Ruled by the following principles
Favored religious tolerance
Made economic and legal reforms
Justified their rule by usefulness to society rather then by divine right
However, they had no intention of giving up any power.

40. Enlightened Depots
The changes they made were motivated by two desires:
To make their countries stronger
To make their own rule more effective
Efforts to reform faced opposition from nobles and church leaders who were afraid of losing to much political power to the common people
Monarchs backed away from reforms when they realized that their own power would be threatened

41. Joseph II Austria (1765–1790)
The most far reaching measure of enlightened despotism took place in Austria.
Major Reforms of Joseph II
Abolished (ended) serfdom completely
Freedom of the press
Granted religious freedom to the empire’s Protestants and Jews
Many of the reforms failed because the abrupt changes angered too many people

42. Changing Relationship Between Ruler and State
New Idea
As Fredrick the Great said, a ruler is only “the first servant of the state.”
The monarch exists to serve the state and support citizen’s welfare.
Old Idea
As Louis XIV reportedly said “I am the state.”
The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch.

43. Essential Questions:
1. What was the Enlightenment and how was it influenced by reason?
Define Enlightenment
Concepts that it challenged
What is reason? Why did philosophers use reason?
The Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, was an intellectual movement that applied reason to traditional ideas about government and society. It challenged the traditional ideas of divine right, absolute power, and social inequality. Philosophers used reason, the ability to think, to solve human problems and study human nature.

44. Essential Questions:
2. How did the views of Hobbes and Locke about humans in their natural state affect their political ideas?
Hobbes’ belief on people in their natural state and best type of government and why.
Locke’s belief on people in their natural state and best type of government. Why?

45. Hobbes and Locke had opposing views on the state of nature, where there are no laws or government to control people. Hobbes believed people were naturally bad and were unable to rule themselves. They needed an absolute monarchy to impose order and prevent conflict. In contrast, Locke believed people were naturally good and entered society to protect their natural rights. A democracy, formed by the people, was the best form of government to do this.

46. Essential Questions:
3. What new views did philosophers have about government?
What idea was Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau and Montesquieu each known for?
Hobbes social contract concept
Locke natural rights concept
Rousseau views on equality
Montesquieu separation of powers/checks and balances

47. 3. Many Enlightenment philosophers had new ideas about government
3. Many Enlightenment philosophers had new ideas about government. Hobbes believed people entered a social contract because they were unable to rule themselves. Locke believed people were born with natural rights (life, liberty, and property) that needed protection. Rousseau believed all people were equal. Montesquieu believed in the 3 branches of government which would prevent absolute power.

48. Essential Questions
4. What new views did philosophers have about society and the economy?
What old views did Voltaire, Smith, and Wollstonecraft challenge?
Voltaire religion
Wollstonecraft women
Smith economics

49. Essay Organization: Introductory Paragraph: Define Enlightenment
Background Enlightenment
Philosophers role?
Purpose?
Leads to?
THESIS: How did these two men differ?

50. Body Paragraphs: OPTION 1: OPTION 2: 1ST Paragraph: 2nd Paragraph:
Discuss Hobbes’ view on human nature and government.
2nd Paragraph:
Discuss Locke’s view on human nature and government.
1st Paragraph:
Discuss state of nature and social contract of BOTH Locke and Hobbes
2nd Paragraph:
Discuss the best type of government and role of government of BOTH Locke and Hobbes.

51. Conclusion Paragraph:
Restate thesis statement
Summarize the argument made