1. Cell Organelles and features Chapter 4

2. Plasma Membrane Also called cell membrane Allows certain molecules to enter and exit a cell It separates internal metabolic reactions from the external environment

3. Phospholipid bilayer Polar hydrophilic (water loving) head 2 Polar hydrophobic (water fearing) fatty acid tails

4. Membrane Proteins Often contain specific proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer.

5. Nucleus Controls most of the functions of the eukaryotic cell. Filled with jellylike fluid called nucleoplasm that holds similar function of the sell cytoplasm. Houses cell’s genetic information

6. Nucleus cont. DNA is in the threadlike structure called chromatin.

7. Nuclear Envelope Surrounds nucleus with a double membrane. Made up of 2 phospholipid bilayers. Nuclear pores cover the surface which provide passageway for RNA and other materials to enter and leave the nucleus.

8. Nucleolus Denser area in nucleus that is mostly DNA. Responsible for making Ribosomal RNA.

9. Mitochondria Tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP. ATP ultimately powers most of the cells chemical reaction.

10. Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria has its own DNA that can only be reproduced by the division of preexsiting mitochondria.

11. Ribosomes Very small, roughly spherical organelles that are responsible for building protein.

12. Endoplasmic Reticulum System of membranous tubes and sacs. Used as an intercellular highway. Rough ER and Smooth ER

13. Golgi Apparatus Receives vesicles from the ER containing newly made proteins.

14. Vesicles Small spherical sacs that play different parts. Lysosomes- bud from golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes. Peroxisomes- Neutralize free radicals in the liver and kidney cells.

15. Protein Synthesis Major functions of a cell. 1- proteins are assembled by ribosomes on the rough ER. 2- Vesicles transport proteins to the golgi apparatus. 3- Golgi breaks down proteins and packages them in new vesicles. Vesicles release proteins that have destinations outside of the cell. The remaining stay inside as lysosomes and peroxisomes.

16. Cytoskeleton Uses thin tubes and filaments to give shape to a cell.

17. Microtubules Hollow tubes made from protein that hold organelles in place.

18. Cilia and Flagella Hair-like structures that assist in movement.