1. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
CHAPTER 4

2. CELLS ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE______
A CELL IS THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT CAN CARRY ON ALL OF THE PROCESSES OF LIFE.

3. DISCOVERY OF CELLS *Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork from the bark of a cork oak tree.
Saw “row of empty _____”
Coined the term cell (reminded him of the cubicles or “cells” where monks live.)
Anton van Leewenhoek (1673)
First person to observe _____ cells.
Able to observe cells with green stripes from an alga of the genus spirogyra and bell shaped cells on stalks of a protist of the genus vorticella

4. CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells
(1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all plants are made up of cells”
“ all animals are made up of cells”
(50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
These three observations
Were combined to form a basic
______ about the cellular nature of
Life.
CELL THEORY:
All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
All cells arise from _____________ cells

5. CELL DIVERSITY Cell Shape: The diversity in cell shapes reflects
the different ______ of cells.
Each cell has a shape designed to
allow the cell to perform its function
effectively.
Cell Size:
The ______ of a cell is limited by the relationship of the cell’s outer surface area to its volume..

7. Characteristics of All Cells
ALL CELLS HAVE THREE BASIC FEATURES IN COMMON:
Plasma membrane (cell ______) – cell’s outer boundary, acts as a _______ between the inside and the outside of a cell
Cytoplasm- region of the cell within plasma membrane that includes _____, cytoskeleton, and all organelles except nucleus.
Control center (nucleus)- contains _____

8. TWO BASIC TYPES OF CELLS
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
First cell type on earth
Cell type of ______ and Archaea
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA __________
Organelles not bound by _________
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many _________ that perform specific functions in the cell
Usually much ______ than prokaryotic cells

10. ORGANELLES & THEIR FUNCTION

11. Plasma Membrane
Functions: 1) allows only certain molecules in or____ of a cell 2) separates internal metabolic reactions from external environment 3) allows cell to excrete ______ and _________ with its environment.
Made primarily of phospholipids : _________ B-Layer

12. Membrane Proteins: Plasma membranes contain specific ______ embedded within the lipid bi-layer called integral proteins.
Integral proteins play important roles in actively __________ molecules into the cell.

13. Nucleus
Most of the functions of a eukaryotic cell are controlled by the _____, and houses/protects the cells genetic information.
Nucleoplasm- jellylike liquid which holds the contents of the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope – double membrane that surrounds nucleus. Made up of two phospholipid b-layers.
_________ – Dense area where _______is concentrated.

14. Mitochondria
Tiny organelles that _________ energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which__________ the cell.
Mitochondrial DNA –mitochondria
have their own DNA and can
reproduce only by the division of
preexisting mitochondria.

15. Ribosomes
Small roughly spherical organelles that are responsible for building________. Ribosomes do not have a membrane, they are made of ________and RNA molecules.

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of membranous ______and sacs, called cisternae.
Functions: intracellular________, a path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another.
Two types of ER:
_______endoplasmic reticulum – system of interconnected flattened sacs covered with ribosomes, which produces proteins.
_________endoplasmic reticulum- lacks ribosomes which has a smooth appearance and builds lipids.

18. Golgi Apparatus
system of flattened sacs that receive _______from the ER containing newly made proteins or lipids. The Golgi apparatus labels and packs cellular products and prepares them for export.
The “mail man” of the cell

19. Vesicles
Lysosomes- vesicles that bud from the Golgi apparatus and contain _______ enzymes that break down large molecules. Lysosomes also digest worn-out organelles (autophagy), and break down cells (autolysis).
Peroxisomes- abundant in liver and kidney cells where they ________ alcohol and other drugs.

20. Cytoskeleton
Network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross the cytosol, which give _______ to the cell.

21. CILIA & FLAGELLA
CILIA & FLAGELLA: ______ like structures that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in__________.
Cilia are short and a re present in large numbers on certain cells whereas flagella are longer and far less numerous.

22. PLANT CELLS
Cell wall – rigid layer that lies _________the cell’s plasma membrane, which contain a carbohydrate called cellulose.
Central vacuole – A large, fluid-filled organelle that stores______,_______,___________, and other materials.
Chloroplasts – use _____ _________to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. Contains chlorophyll ( molecules that absorbs light and captures light energy for the cell)