1. The Enlightenment

2. The 18 th Century  Political History -  Political History - Reform  Intellectual History -  Intellectual History - Reason  Cultural History -  Cultural History - Individualism  Social History - -  Social History - Increased Literacy - Age of Aristocracy  Economic History -  Economic History - Mercantilism to Capitalism

3. Thomas Hobbes Lived in England (1588 – 1679) Wrote the Leviathan Believed that humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and only consent to government for self- protection. Thought that people were naturally bad and barbaric

4. John Locke (1632-1704)  From England  Wrote Two Treatises of Government

5. John Locke’s Philosophy  There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings. - life, liberty, property!  The doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings was nonsense.  He favored a republic (leaders and representatives are elected by the people) as the best form of government.

6. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)  Critique of Pure Reason, 1781  “What is Enlightenment?”, 1784  Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, 1786

7. Thomas Paine (1737-1809 )  Common Sense, 1776  The Rights of Man, 1791

8. The American “Philosophes” John Adams (1745-1826) Ben Franklin (1706-170) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…

9. Voltaire (1712-1778)  From France  Candide, 1759  believed in freedom of religion and separation of church and state.

10. Voltaire’s “Wisdom”  E Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.  God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.  If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him. t is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.  Love truth and pardon error.

11. Voltaire’s “Wisdom”  J Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers.  Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference.  Prejudice is opinion without judgment.  The way to become boring is to say everything.  I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

12. The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)  France  On the Spirit of Laws, 1758

13. Montesquieu To prevent tyranny, there should be separation of powers in the government Greatly influenced the American form of government: three branches Executive Legislative Judicial "In a true state of nature, indeed, all men are born equal, but they cannot continue in this equality. Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only by the protection of laws."

14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)  France  The Social Contract, 1762

15. Rousseau Believed that total freedom is the natural condition of human beings, and that people enter into society (and into having social and political restrictions on their own freedom) voluntarily. Why do people do this? People trade natural liberty for civil liberty (liberty protected by the state/government) for the good of everyone – to benefit/promote the whole community. The appropriate form of government for any state depends on the character of the people. Government should be subject to review/be changed by its citizens

16. The Physiocrats: A Celebration of the Farmer  An economic theory which considered that the wealth of nations was derived solely from agriculture.  They strongly opposed mercantilism, because they pictured the peasant society as the economic foundation of a nation’s wealth.

17. Capitalism – New Economic Idea  Adam Smith - 1776 - The Wealth of Nations What did Smith believe in?  Profit (making $) motivates people.  Division of labor.  Private ownership of property.  Law of Supply & Demand. aw of Competition (it’s a good thing).  Free trade.

18. Website that will help you and make it easy for you to find information: http://www.philosophypages.com/