1. Causes of the Civil War
SS8H6 The students will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia. A. Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War, include slavery, states rights, nullification, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, and the Georgia Platform.

2. What lead to this conflict between the North and South?
Did the founding fathers leave the issue of slavery for future generations to settle? How was it addressed in the Constitution?
National Archives,
“The Charters of Freedom”

3. Important quotes from the Constitution to analyze:
Article I, Section 2
“Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.”
Section. 9.
“The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.”

4. What do those quotes mean?
Section 2 quote: By having more representatives what does your state gain?
Section 9: When was the import of slaves to stop?

5. Regional differences start to show
As the country expands the regional difference intensify, and begin to manifest politically, economically, socially and culturally
Major factors include:
States’ Rights
Slavery
Tariffs
Economic base
Education
Culture

6. Cotton fields vs. Factories

7. Differences North South States’ Rights
Believed in Strong Federal(National) Government
Believed states had the right to rule themselves and could overrule federal laws
Slavery
Most were free states
Favored slavery and the spread of it into western territories
Tariffs
Favored high tariffs on imports from other countries to keep their northern product cheaper in order to outsell foreign goods
Favored low tariffs because they traded so much with other countries
Economic Base
Factories, mining, banks, railroads, farms that produced food crop
Agricultural farming of cash crops such as tobacco, cotton, and rice, these crops were exported overseas and to northern factories
Education
Private schools, church schools, some public schools opened to boys and girls, Private Universities
Some state chartered Universities such as UGA, some private tutors for the upper class, little or no formal education systems
Culture
Many large cities with social gatherings such as opera, lectures, theaters and museums
The only large cities were Richmond, Charleston, Savannah, and Augusta
Socials events centered around farm events, hunting outing and seasonal parties

8. The Government tries to keep the Peace
As these issue present themselves politically, Congress steps in to try to pacify each side
Three major Compromises are passed
Missouri Compromise of 1820
The Compromise of 1850
The Kansas Nebraska Act

9. Missouri Compromise (1820)
In 1819 the U.S. had 22 states, 11 were free and 11 were slave states
Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
After a great deal of debate Congress decided
1. Maine would be admitted as a free state
2. Missouri as a slave state
3. Prohibited slavery above the 36° 30’ latitude line

10. Missouri 1845 Morse's North American atlas, 1845: Morse's cerographic maps

11. Compromise of 1850
Since California now had enough population to apply for statehood (gold rush of 1849 increased the population) as a free state
New debates in Congress because by now there were 15 free and 15 slave states in the U.S.
To keep the balance in the Senate, Congress finally decided to compromise:
CA came in as a Free State
Slave trade ended in the District of Columbia but residents could keep their slaves
Fugitive Slave Act passed requiring runaway slaves to be returned to owners
Texas could not annex New Mexico (keeping it free of slavery)

12. Gold in California attracts fortune hunters from all over.

13. Kansas-Nebraska Act These two new territories are created
“Popular Sovereignty” is passed to let their voters decide on the issue of slavery when they apply for statehood
This angered Northerners because this law changed the Missouri Compromise boundary of 36°30’
Republican Party is created in opposition of this act and moves across the north
Violence sweeps the territory as both sides of the issue fight for their dominance

15. Dred Scott Decision 1857
An enslaved man that moved with his master to the free state of Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory sued the man who held him in servitude on the grounds that he had achieved his freedom by residing in free territory
The Supreme Court decision in this case is one more thing to upsets the delicate balance of the regional differences

16. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, (1857 June 27), front page.

17. Chief Justice Roger Taney wrote the Court’s majority opinion:
Slaves /African Americans, could not sue in federal court
because they were not recognized as U.S. citizens according
to the Constitution. (What amendment finally changes this?)
2. The National government did not have the right to exclude
slavery from the territories, enslaved people were considered
property and the Constitution protects the movement of
property. Therefore, the due process clause of the Fifth
Amendment protected property rights. So, a slaveholder had
the right to own slaves anywhere in the country or its territories.
(This negates the 36°30’ line)

19. Georgia Debates Secession
After Lincoln’s election in 1860 and South Carolina seceded, Georgia’s General Assembly debates the issue of secession
Alexander Stephens, a longtime Georgia politician cautions against any hasty decisions and tries to encourage compromise

20. DEBATE OVER SECESSION
Lincoln’s victory in the 1860 presidential election caused southern states to hold conventions on whether or not they should secede from the Union in order to protect the legalization of slavery in their states.
South Carolina became the 1st state to secede from the Union, while Georgia became the 5th state to secede. 20

22. WHAT MESSAGE IS THIS PRIMARY SOURCE POLITICAL CARTOON TYRING TO CONVEY?

23. ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS
Alexander Stephens was a U.S. Representative from Georgia who was PRO-slavery, but he was against Secession. When Georgia held a convention to decide on secession Alexander Stephens argued against it by saying the South should remain loyal to the Union. He believed that if the South seceded then a Civil War would break out and if the South lost then they would lose their states’ rights, especially the right to keep slavery legal. 23

24. ROLE OF ALEXANDER STEPHENS
Despite Alexander Stephens and his words of caution, Georgia decided to secede anyway. Those states in the south that seceded created the Confederate States of America, a separate country. Alexander Stephens was persuaded to become the vice-president of the C.S.A., most likely to appeal to southerners that were just like him – wanted to keep slavery, but really didn’t want to leave the union. This would help keep the southern states united. 24 24

25. Fundamental Cause:
Causes that have been brewing for many years which further divide the country:
Sectionalism
Slavery
States’ Rights
Nullification
Tariffs
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Law
Popular Sovereignty

27. Immediate Causes of the War Include:
Dred Scott Decision
John Brown Raid on Harpers Ferry
Election of Lincoln in 1860
South Carolina secedes from the Union
Shots fired upon Ft. Sumter

28. John Brown’s Raid at Harpers’ Ferry arsenal
Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper,
v. 8, no. 207 (1859 Nov. 19), p. 383.
John Brown, now under sentence of
death for treason and murder,
at Charlestown, Va.
From a photograph taken one year ago
by Martin M. Lawrence, 381 Broadway, N.Y

29. Guns which fired over 1200 shots into Ft. Sumter

30. Review:
Regional differences multiply as the United States expands in the early 1800’s
These fundamental issues escalate and require political compromises to keep the peace in the government
By 1860 it doesn’t take much to send tempers over the edge and war begins

31. War begins… Harpers Weekly, Civil War Scene