1. The Cold War 1945-1991 Vs.

2. EQ What is meant by the term “Cold War”? What were the root causes of this “war”? What were the weapons used? Who were the major players? Where/when did the Cold War turn hot? What brought about the end of the Cold War?

3. The Cold War Begins The Yalta Conference (February 1945) –F.D. Roosevelt –Winston Churchill –Josef Stalin

4. Yalta Conference

6. Germany to be divided by the Allies (Americans, British & French) Germany to pay USSR for damages Soviets promise free elections in Eastern Europe Allies don’t believe Stalin

7. Yalta Conference Soviets promised to enter the war against Japan within 90 days of the end of the war in Europe Mistrust between Allies is already present in February 1945 Two very different world views

8. The United Nations Formed April 1945 An organization of nations designed to prevent aggression Had 50 original members including the US & USSR Made up of General Assembly & Security Council

9. The United Nations Security Council has 11 total members and 5 permanent members 5 permanent members are the US, USSR, Britain,France & China Real power of the UN is in the Security Council

10. The United Nations Security Council members can veto any resolution they want 1 veto kills a resolution Nothing gets done without the Security Council

12. Different Goals US & USSR US wanted to encourage: Democracy Capitalism Free trade Personal freedom A unified Germany

13. Different Goals US & USSR USSR wanted to encourage: International communism A divided Germany Buffer of east European nations to protect USSR Totalitarianism

14. Setting The Stage For Trouble Potsdam Conference, July 1945 –Harry S. Truman –Josef Stalin –Winston Churchill

16. Setting The Stage For Trouble Stalin went back on pledges at Yalta to hold free elections Potsdam Ultimatum issued: –Japan either surrenders or is hit with the atomic bomb

17. Setting The Stage For Trouble USSR assures US it will enter war against Japan in early August Truman finds out the atomic bomb works & decides to use it against Japan Decided to use bomb to scare Soviets? Atomic diplomacy?

18. Atomic Diplomacy Bully the Soviets with the bomb Don’t threaten the USSR but show them what they potentially face Let the world know who is boss

19. Iron Curtain Speech Given by Winston Churchill at Westminster College, March 1946 http://www.historyguide.org/europe/ churchill.htmlhttp://www.historyguide.org/europe/ churchill.html “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent…”

22. Iron Curtain Speech Stalin had said after Potsdam that the US & USSR could not live in peace & war was inevitable Churchill’s speech drove the former allies further apart Tension increasing constantly

23. US Prepares for the Future US adopted policy of containment Keep the Soviets/communists right where they were were as of 1946 Expansion of communists to be met with resistance each time (Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan etc.)

24. US Prepares for the Future After the war, US needed to rebuild Europe Why?

27. US Prepares for the Future Europeans need food, medicine & fuel (humanitarian concerns) US needs trading partners US needs allies against the Soviets If Europeans do not get help, they will turn to the Soviets

28. US Prepares for the Future Truman Doctrine (March 1947) Britain could no longer support nationalists in Greece Greek communists would win if nationalists were not supported President Truman asked Congress to aid the Greeks

29. US Prepares for the Future “…I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free people…resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures….” President Harry Truman, March 1947

30. US Prepares for the Future President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey to resist communists –$4.198 Billion in 2012) Aid must go to Greece and Turkey or the Turks will turn to the USSR

31. US Prepares for the Future The Marshall Plan (July 1947) Secretary of State George Marshall proposed plan to aid European nations in need Aid to any nations in Europe who asked for it Had to tell US how money was spent

32. US Prepares for the Future While Plan was debated in Congress, communists seized power in Czechoslovakia Plan immediately passed Congress authorized $12.5 Billion in aid –131Billion in 2012 Even Yugoslavia received aid

33. Tension Increases As a result of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, the Soviets looked weak Soviets responded with blockade of Berlin beginning in June 1948 Wanted to cut Berlin off from the West to test the West

36. Tension Increases In June 1948 Britain, France & US had allowed the creation of West Germany Soviets were furious Soviets wanted Germany weak and divided Still smarting from Marshall Plan

37. Tension Increases Soviet response was to block the roads to Berlin off from the West Soviets wanted to bully the US & Britain into giving up the idea of a unified Germany Berliners lacked food, fuel & medicine US & Britain responded with the Berlin Airlift

40. Berlin Airlift June 1948 - May 1949 US & G.B. flew over the Soviet blockade of Berlin and dropped much-needed supplies to Berlin Dared the Soviets to shoot Showed the world about strength

43. Berlin Airlift The Soviets were forced to back down & were humiliated. Again. They were made to look weak in the eyes of the world. Again. The West looked stronger than ever

44. Collective Security In response to the tension created by the Berlin crisis, the US, Canada & 10 western European nations formed NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization A collective security organization

45. Collective Security NATO Formed 1949 Designed to deter Soviet aggression through the use of military force An attack on one considered an attack on all

46. The Parties of NATO agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently, they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense will assist the party or parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.

48. Collective Security Soviets responded to West Germany being included in NATO in 1955 with Warsaw Pact Made up of the Soviet Union & eastern European nations Yugoslavia was only nation not in the Warsaw Pact

49. The Arms Race Between 1945 & 1949 only the US had the atomic bomb US had shown its willingness to use the bomb when it bombed Japan Soviets acquired the bomb in 1949 through spying on the US atomic program

50. The Arms Race In 1949, the US developed the Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb) which was more powerful than the atomic bomb In the 1950s the US reduced its conventional forces & increased its nuclear forces

51. The Arms Race The US decided it needed “more bang for the buck” Soviets continued to develop its weapons stockpile Both sides adopted a policy of brinksmanship

52. The Arms Race Brinksmanship is the policy of going right up to the edge or brink of the cliff without going over What’s the danger of this policy? MAD Mutually Assured Destruction

53. The Arms Race MAD: If one side launches 1 missile, the other side will launch all of its missiles & the first side will then launch the remaining missiles

54. The Arms Race Both sides need to develop space programs The same technology used to put a man on the moon is used to put a missile on the target USSR won the “space race” when they launched Sputnik in 1957

55. The Arms Race Operation Paperclip At the end of WWII the USSR & the US snuck Nazi scientists out of Germany Both sides needed these men to work on missile programs to get an edge on the other

56. The Arms Race Werner von Braun most famous Brought to US Eventually given job as director of NASA (the Space Shuttle folks)

57. The Cold War & China At the end of WWII, the Chinese Civil War started anew Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalists forced off mainland & onto island of Taiwan in 1949 US had spent millions on Jiang with nothing to show for it The communists had won the Civil War

58. The Cold War & China Once Mao & the communists had won, the Soviets offered their support The Soviets wanted to lead the international communist movement In 1950, the People’s Republic of China & the USSR signed a friendship agreement

59. China & The Cold War Mao began a land redistribution program in the 1950s Those who resisted were dealt with About 1 million were “dealt with” Created small collective farms to increase agricultural productivity

60. China & The Cold War The success of the small collectives led Mao to create larger collectives called communes Communes failed miserably b/c there was no incentive to work hard Mao created new program to advance China many years in a short time Program called Great Leap Forward

61. China & The Cold War Crop failures and the failures of the Great Leap Forward resulted in the deaths of more than 20 million Tension grew between the USSR & the PRC in the 1950s & 1960s As a result of all of this, Mao reduced his role in government

62. China & The Cold War With Mao on the outside, changes were made in China Communes were abolished Some private property could be owned Some competition was allowed Some profit could be kept by farmers

63. China & The Cold War Mao was a strict communist & hated the changes In the mid 1960s Mao called for a new revolution Wanted the youth to lead the revolution Students formed military units called the Red Guards

64. China & The Cold War The Red Guards led the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Goal was to create perfect socialist state No one was safe; millions were arrested, tortured and/or killed Civil War was a real possibility

66. The Cold War Turns Hot Japan had annexed Korea in 1910 & held it until 1945 Because of Potsdam, Soviets entered the war in August 1945 USSR had attacked Japan from the north Soviets occupied N. Korea until 1949

67. The Cold War Turns Hot The US had occupied S. Korea & influenced the government there Korea was effectively split between the two superpowers In January 1950, the US made it clear that the Korean peninsula would be outside the range of its protection

68. The Cold War Turns Hot The USSR encouraged the N. Koreans to attack the south 25 June 1950: N. Korea attacked south across the 38th Parallel N. Korean attack tested US policy of containment

71. The Cold War Turns Hot S. Korea asked the UN for help Security Council voted to help Soviets did not vote b/c they wanted to test the Security Council Multi-national force sent to Korea in August 1950 US forces took heavy losses at first

72. The Cold War Turns Hot UN forces pushed to Pusan Perimeter in SE Korea September 1950: daring landing made at Inchon behind enemy lines Communists driven back UN/US forces on Chinese border by October 1950

73. The Cold War Turns Hot General MacArthur made threats about bombing China China invaded Korea in October 1950 Chinese forces drove UN/US forces back across the 38th parallel War stalemates for next 2 years War ends in June 1953

74. The Cold War Turns Hot A state of war still technically exists between N & S Korea Border is still the 38th parallel North Korea is still a communist nation

75. The Cold War Turns Hot Indochina was a French colony since the mid-19th century Indochina had been taken by the Japanese in 1940 In 1945, France wanted its colony back September 1945: Ho Chi Minh asked the US for help against the French

77. The Cold War Turns Hot President Truman was unwilling to help the communist Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh was just like the communists in Yugoslavia who the US were to help in 1947 Assisting Yugoslavia would not hurt France

78. The Cold War Turns Hot The US decided to support France and sent money and surplus equipment to the French The Indochina War began in 1945 By 1954, the French had moved into northern Vietnam (Indochina) near a place called Dien Bien Phu

79. The Cold War Turns Hot Battle of Dien Bien Phu (May 1954) French took the low ground in a valley Viet Minh put artillery on the high ground French defenses decimated

81. The Cold War Turns Hot French forced to abandon Vietnam in 1954 Geneva Accords determined Vietnam to be divided at 17th parallel Elections to be held in late 1954 were cancelled by the South US supported decision to cancel elections

82. The Cold War Turns Hot The US feared the “loss” of another Asian nation to the communists US supported Ngo Dihn Diem as leader of S. Vietnam Diem was corrupt and more French than Vietnamese in perspective US knew Diem’s weaknesses, but needed him

83. The Cold War Turns Hot The North sent guerrillas south to de-stabilize the gov’t in the South Guerrillas were known as Viet Cong US sent advisors to Vietnam in 1956 and by 1963 were engaged in fighting the VC By 1965 the US was engaged in a war with the NVA

85. The Cold War Turns Hot By 1968, the US had more than 500,000 troops in Vietnam By 1973, US had pulled out its ground troops & in April 1975, the capital of the South, Saigon, had fallen to the communists The US had lost more than 60,000 men in Vietnam

86. The Cold War Turns Hot Why did the US get involved in Korea & in Vietnam? The Domino Theory The belief that nations are like dominoes If one nation or domino falls, the next, & the next & so on….

88. The Cold War Turns Hot The whole point of the strategy of containment was to resist communist advances at every step Korea & Vietnam are two extreme examples of this principle

89. The Cold War in the 3rd World Third World Term is from 1952 and refers to nations that are under-developed economically in the 20th century These nations would be found primarily in Latin America, Asia & Africa

90. The Cold War in the 3rd World Obviously, the US & USSR would not fight each other directly Each side needed allies Allies would be found in the new, developing nations Among other tactics, US used the Peace Corps to persuade 3rd world to support the US

91. The Cold War in the 3rd World Among other tactics, US used the Peace Corps to persuade 3rd world to support the US US also used spy planes, satellites, assassinations, coup attempts & money to achieve goals Development of Special Forces

92. The Cold War in the 3rd World India was largest 3rd World nation Remained non-aligned Was not on either side, but used each to own advantage

93. The Problem of Cuba Cuba had been a Spanish colony since the days of Columbus Spain lost Cuba to US in Spanish- American War (1898) Gained independence from US in 1902 Government of Batista overthrown by Castro in January 1959

94. The Problem of Cuba US did like the violation of the Monroe Doctrine US did not want communists 90 miles off US coast Made repeated attempt to “remove” Castro

96. The Problem of Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) –CIA organizes invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles –CIA promised air support & failed to provide it –Invasion failed miserably –Cubans greatly annoyed

97. The Problem of Cuba The repeated attempt to kill Castro drove Castro to ask USSR for aid Castro received 40 nuclear missiles US spy planes film missile launchers and trucks US demands removal of missiles & Cuba refuses

98. The Problem of Cuba USSR told US war would result if there was an invasion of Cuba US Navy set up a blockade around Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from delivering more missiles October 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis

99. The Cuban Missile Crisis President Kennedy & Premier Khruschev came up to edge of nuclear war Khruschev blinked and missiles were removed from Cuba Obsolete US missiles removed from Turkey in return

100. Cold War in Europe Josef Stalin died March 1953 New leader, Nikita Khruschev, moved USSR away from Stalin called “destalinization” This move made others think that it would be acceptable to move away from the USSR a little

102. Cold War in Europe Most satellite nations did not try to move away from the Soviets Hungary did attempt to end Soviet domination 1956 Imre Nagy overthrew Hungarian communist gov’t & called for new elections

103. Cold War in Europe Soviets responded with tanks and crushed rebellion Nagy was tried and executed Soviets had re-established control & had shown no more tomfoolery would be tolerated

104. Cold War in Europe In Berlin, thousands were escaping to the West Once a person made it in to W. Berlin, he had free passage across E. Germany into W. Germany The Soviets did not like how many were leaving nor did they like the “brain drain” that resulted

105. Cold War in Europe In August 1961 the Berlin wall was put up Literally put up overnight in certain areas, it divided Berlin in a more permanent way Became the symbol of the Cold War Came down 9 November 1989 on live TV

106. Cold War in Europe Prague Spring (1968) In the age of peace & love, Czechs wanted more freedom Alexander Dubcek loosened control in Czechoslovakia as Leonid Brezhnev tightened control in the USSR Offered more freedom of expression

107. Cold War in Europe Brezhnev had to show how tough he was Sent tanks in to crush Prague Spring Could not have anyone else getting these bad ideas

110. Detente Détente: literally, a lessening of tensions The arms race, Cuban Missile Crisis, war in Vietnam and problems in E. Europe led to US & US not wanting to directly confront one another Chances for war increasing all the time

111. Detente US needed to be more flexible in dealing w/ the Soviets & the Chinese 1972: President Nixon makes first visit to PRC & began work on SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) SALT was to limit the total number of missiles each side could have

112. Detente Détente did not last: –President Regan called the USSR the “Evil Empire” –Called for development of SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) or “Star Wars” –Regan supported Nicaraguan Contras against the communist government of Nicaragua

113. The End of the Cold War Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in USSR in 1982 Brought 2 important ideas of reform with him: –Glasnost –Perestroika

115. The End of the Cold War Glasnost: literally, openness This was an opening of Soviet society which had been closed off since 1917 Different opinions were allowed, as was criticism of the gov’t (some) Churches reopened & banned books published

116. The End of the Cold War Perestroika: A similar opening of the Soviet economy Allowed people to have small amounts of private property and profits Designed to jumpstart Soviet economy Similar to Lenin’s NEP of 1921

117. The End of the Cold War Gorbachev also signed the INF Treaty Treaty designed to limit number of missiles w/ ranges b/t 300-3,400m Treaty unfair to USSR b/c it did not take British or French missiles into account USSR needed the treaty b/c it helped cut spending on missiles

119. The End of the Cold War Gorbachev also encouraged satellite nations to make reforms Beginning with Poland in 1980, things unraveled quickly

120. Poland In response to Gorbachev saying he would not oppose reform, Poland acted In 1980, the union Solidarity, demanded legal recognition Under its leader, Lech Walesa, Solidarity was recognized and then a year later banned

122. Poland After Solidarity was banned, martial law was declared in Poland Economic problems in Poland & Russia’s inability to help made the Poles very unhappy Polish workers went on strike in summer of 1988

123. Poland In spring 1989, Solidarity was legalized & free elections were held during late 1989 & 1990 Lech Walesa was first democratically elected president of Poland Walesa served until 1995 when he was voted out in favor a former communist

124. Hungary Inspired by Gorbachev & Poland, Hungary made some important changes Allowed for free-enterprise & created a stock-market (based entirely on private investment for private gain) October 1989: Hungarian gov’t dissolved itself

125. Hungary Hungary opened borders w/ East Germany Allowed E. German tourists to escape to Austria Put a great amount of pressure on E. Germany

126. East Germany E. Germany did not make any reforms in the late 1980s In response to Hungary’s open borders, E. Germany closed their borders entirely Protests broke in response Protestors demanded free travel & elections

127. East Germany E. German president resigned & new president opened the Wall in a gamble Thought people would not leave the East if they could They did. Big time. Wall “comes down” 9 November 1989 Germany reunified October 1990

129. Yugoslavia An artificial country created after WWI at Versailles Created primarily from 6 major ethnic groups –Slovenes –Croats –Bosnians –Macedonians –Montenegrins –Serbs

131. Yugoslavia Nationalism was a problem –2 alphabets –6 languages –3 major religions –8 ethnic groups

132. Yugoslavia After WWII, Yugoslavia was hed together by a strongman, Josip Broz Tito Tito was a communist, but a nationalist first Tito died in 1980 leaving a power vacuum which was filled by nationalist Serbs

133. Yugoslavia Serb nationalists led by Slobodan Milosevic Milosevic’s goal was to create “Greater Serbia” at the expense of the rest of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia was a federal republic with each of the 6 republics having a turn at the presidency

135. Yugoslavia June 1991: Croatia denied its turn with the presidency Slovenia declared its independence as a result Milosevic sent Yugoslav People’s Army (JPA) to Slovenia

137. Yugoslavia Slovenia easily defeated the JPA in 10 days Croatia then declared its independence This time a larger JPA force was sent to Croatia Croatia asked Slovenia for assistance

138. Yugoslavia Since Croatia allowed the JPA to go through its territory on the way to Slovenia, help did not come This time the war would last longer than 10 days and would result in the destruction of Yugoslavia

139. Yugoslavia February 1992: Bosnia declared its independence War became a free for all Croats killed Serbs who killed Bosnians who killed Croats Atrocities committed by all sides; ethnic cleansing on a large scale

140. Yugoslavia War comes to an end in 1996 with the Dayton Peace Accords NATO troops sent to Bosnia to separate former warring factions Mission to Bosnia still in effect in 2008

141. Serbia After the Balkan Wars, new violence broke out in Serbia’s Kosovo province Ethnic Albanians made up the vast majority of the population in Kosovo Kosovar Albanians demanded independence & movement became increasingly violent

143. Serbia Milosevic decided to crush independence movement with military force Reports of Serb atrocities reached NATO whose diplomatic efforts to bring had failed 2 month bombing campaign began in April 1999

144. Serbia NATO (US) bombing campaign forced Serb troops out of Kosovo NATO put peacekeepers in Kosovo to protect the people Milosevic eventually extradited to the Hague for war crimes trials Milosevic died while on trial

145. The end of the Soviet Union More than 100 ethnic groups lived in the USSR Nationalism & freedom were clearly strong forces at work There was a growing demand for political and religious freedom in the USSR

146. The end of the Soviet Union Final act of the Soviet Union started in Baltic States Latvia, Lithuania & Estonia were freed from Russian influence in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1917) Baltics retaken by USSR in 1940 1990: Lithuania declared its independence

147. The end of the Soviet Union Gorbachev had brought in reforms but did not want to end USSR Sent troops into Lithuania to crush independence Soviet troops killed 14 Gorbachev now looked like Khrushchev & Brezhnev before him

148. The end of the Soviet Union Reforms were not going fast/far enough & people were tired of Gorbachev The Popular Boris Yeltsin had criticized Gorby’s policies Yeltsin wanted more reforms and quickly Old guard communists rejected reform & tried to overthrow Gorbachev & his reforms

149. The end of the Soviet Union August 1991: Attempted Coup by communists against Gorbachev Gorbachev arrested & was told resign Gorbachev refused & tanks & troops were sent to Moscow Yeltsin climbed on the tanks & said coup was illegal

150. The end of the Soviet Union Orders are given to attack Parliament & troops refused (1917 all over again?) Yeltsin is the hero & Gorby is freed Gorby resigned from Communist Party By 15 December 1991 all Soviet republics had declared independence

151. The end of the Soviet Union The former Soviet republics, save for the Baltics & Georgia, joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) CIS was a loose grouping of the republics 25 December 1991: Gorbachev resigned as leader of the USSR

152. The end of the Soviet Union The Cold War is officially over, the USSR ceased to exist & the US has won!!

153. China After Mao Mao’s attempts to modernize & industrialize China after the Revolution had mixed results at best Five Year Plan increased industry but not agriculture Communes caused major famines Great Leap Forward was a disaster

154. China After Mao Problems caused by Great Leap Forward by on Mao Cultural Revolution nearly caused civil war in China China needed reforms after the death of Mao in 1976

155. China After Mao Deng Xiaoping was an old revolutionary but understood some reform was necessary in China Four Modernizations in agriculture, industry, defense & sci/tech Essentially brought in another version of Lenin’s NEP, & it worked

156. China After Mao Tiananmen Square April 1989: 100,000 students in the old Forbidden City to protest lack of freedom Demanded more democracy Told to disperse by the gov’t & did not Martial law declared; all but 5,000 left

157. China After Mao 4 June 1989: order given to clear the Square Soldiers fired into crowd; hundreds, if not thousands killed Protest finally broken up World is outraged but did nothing